Filipino Psychology on Spirituality, Homosexuality,...

On Filipino Psychopathology Psychopathology is said to be the deviation of an individual’s behavior as compared to the norms of the society. It is classified into two—neurosis and psychosis. In a third world country like ours, it is a fact that poor people outnumber the rich ones, that’s why most Filipinos are prone to having problems, especially economic/financial ones. For some, these problems lead to emotional and psychological disturbances. But the question lies on which extent does these disturbances lead to, whether the individual is still intact with reality or not anymore. This is where the study of psychopathology comes in, focusing on the different dynamics of mental disorders in the Philippines, like on what reasons why the†¦show more content†¦Just a whole day’s stay in the streets of Cubao or Quiapo would enable him to see a number of psychopathologic individuals either naked or begging for alms. It is just disappointing to know that these individuals are least prioritized, and the fact that the society has lost hope in them. I think that this should not be the case, because these mentally ill individuals in fact still has the chance of getting well. I believe that curative status of the psychologically imbalanced individuals should be improved and actually be well funded by the government. These people would just remain discriminated and a burden to the society unless the society understands, takes notice, and prioritizes their well-being. But I wonder, when would this actually happen? I fervently hope that it would be sooner than later, or else, the people whom we know as baliws (crazy people) would just live miserably for the rest of their lives. ******************************************************************************************** On Filipino Religiosity and Spirituality Our country is composed of a hodgepodge of different religions, although it is a fact that this is a predominantly Christian country. But whatever religion that a Filipino may adhere to, it is part of his culture to go to church or to do whatever deed that his dogma tells him to do. Indeed, most Filipinos are perceived to be religious, especially if they

Homosexuality in Twelfth Night - 1434 Words

In medieval and Elizabethan England, homosexuality was not only looked down upon, but was a crime punishable by law. Found perpetrators, including the famous King Edward II, were horribly punished. Edward was killed by â€Å"the slow and painful insertion of a red, hot poker into his anus†, along with his lover, who â€Å"had his genitals cut off and burned† (Sanders). Such is the world in which a bisexual William Shakespeare lived. Though he married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18, he was rumored to have had extramarital affairs with numerous men while in London (â€Å"Shakespeare’s Sexuality†). Gay men are present in many of Shakespeare’s plays, most prominently Twelfth Night. A sailor named Antonio falls in love with a man of noble birth named†¦show more content†¦As the guards drag him away, Antonio reproaches himself for being blinded by Sebastian’s good looks: â€Å"[I] relieved him with such sanctity of love, / and to his imag e, with methought did promise/ Most venerable worth, did I devotion† (3.4.375-77). Judging on appearance is one of the most dangerous things humans do. When one sees a person dressed extremely well, one immediately assumes that that person is rich and snobby, a person who takes bread from the mouths of hungry children just to satisfy themselves. On the other hand, when one sees a homeless man dressed in rags, one tries to avoid that person because, in most humans’ minds, at least subconsciously, that person is lower than â€Å"normal† people. This view of humanity greatly restricts our perspective. When Antonio is dragged to the Orsino’s court by his guards, he claims that Viola (whom he thinks is Sebastian) is the cause of all his troubles. Antonio tells the duke his entire story about how he met Sebastian and Sebastians supposed betrayal of Antonio: His life I gave him and did thereto add My love, without retention or restraint, All his in dedication. For his sake Did I expose myself (pure for his love) †¦ Where being apprehended, his false cunning †¦ Taught him to face me out of his acquaintance (5.1.80-88). Such is the fate of a homosexual man in Elizabethan England. He has no rights, no realShow MoreRelatedOthello, By William Shakespeare1543 Words   |  7 Pagessat abaft a screen pretending to be the antithesis sex, or just someone innominate in order to get our true feelings and emotions out. Similarly, Shakespeare utilizes the theme of disguise in countless plays, specifically in As you like it and Twelfth Night. Although many may postulate that he has disguised certain characters as the opposite gender solely for comedic purposes, the reason behind it is significantly deeper and complex. By disguising the actors as the opposite gender, also known as cross-dressingRead MoreShakespeare s Twelfth Night : Gift Exchange, Debt And The Early Modern Matrimonial Economy1321 Words   |  6 Pagesage, society finally accepts homosexuality,other sexual orientations, and gender identity became a more acceptable concept.However, even though it became acceptable once again in the twenty first century. Literature throughout the ages depicted different sexual orientation and gender identification. The play Twelfth Night made produced by William Shakespeare discusses the topics of sexuality during the early 17th century. The articles Gender Trouble in ‘Twelfth Night by Casey Charles agrees thatRead MoreGender Ambiguity : Boys Should Be Girls Will Be Boys And Twelfth Night Essay1649 Words   |  7 Pagescomedies and it is portrayed significantly in both As You Like It and Twelfth Night. Gender is a major theme in the work of Shakespeare which is an issue which has had a significant impact on the criticism attracted to his work for many of his plays, led by feminists in particular. In each of the two plays there is gender ambiguity, mistaken identities and gender blurring as Shakespeare deals with the important issues of homosexuality and bisexuality. Before dealing with these issues it is importantRead MoreThe Brilliant Comedy of Shakespeares Twelfth Night Ess ay1630 Words   |  7 Pagespowerlessness leads to comedy. Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night has central love triangle between Cesario/Viola, Orsino, and Olivia; the excesses and complications within the triangle causes disorder for the characters and audience, and increases hilarity. Shakespeare further confounds the plot by toying with gender-switching, plague imagery, and even homosexuality. The progression of all of these plot devices which are contrary to society’s rules makes Twelfth Night an ideal comedic work because it playsRead MoreHomosexuality : A Platonic Relationship1553 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the biggest debates when it comes to Shakespeare is if homosexuality is present in his works or not. This debate only began in recent decades when the term â€Å"homosexuality† was not seen as completely taboo. Many scholars debate that the â€Å"platonic† relationships between men were really participating in homosexual relationships, which were c overed in many layers of English Renaissance language. These scholars also argue that women during this time were used for two reasons: 1) to cover up saidRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night2005 Words   |  9 Pagesabout the role that gender plays in Shakespeare’s work. Focus on Twelfth Night or King Lear—or discuss both plays together. Do you see these patterns repeated? Or do you see them being challenged and somehow undermined (implicitly or explicitly) in the plots and language of the play s)?† wants to know if Shakespeare wanted to break the pattern of women being passive objects to men in the literature. In the story Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare all of the roles are played by men. In the fifteenthRead MoreMarriage and Twelfth Night1541 Words   |  7 Pages‘At the end of Shakespeare’s comedic plays all complications and disorders are resolved and a new order is generated to the satisfaction of the audience.’ to wha t extent is this true of Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night? It is easily argued that Shakespeare’s comedic plays have a similar, formulaic, structure. Dr Schwartz from the California Polytechnic State University  argues that the ‘action of a comedy traces a movement from conflict to the resolution of conflict’. There are many disorders and complicationsRead MoreThe Twelfth Night, By Oscar Wilde1158 Words   |  5 Pagesimmediate needs for the family. However, William Shakespeare’s Olivia, in the Twelfth Night, and Oscar Wilde’s Gwendolen, in the comedy, The Importance of Being Earnest narrative seemingly contradict orthodox gender norms. Olivia and Gwendolen both live in a social construct based on male dominance. Yet both of them upends this norm and play dominant role in both of their relationships. In his play the Twelfth Night, Shakespeare uses Lady Olivia to illustrate the complexities of love and courtshipRead MoreTwelfth Night By William Shakespeare1666 Words   |  7 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, the main story told is of the battle between silliness (Feste, Maria, romance, pranks, and drama) and seriousness (Malvolio, dourness, rules, and stresses of life). One facet of this is gender – the main protagonist Viola presents as male for most of the play. Shakespeare, whether intentionally or not, has shown prime examples of projected identity based on sex, gender roles, and the power associated with each sex. These messages were revolutionary at the time, andRead MoreTwelfth Night, As You Like It by William Shakespeare1153 Words   |  5 PagesPeople would come from all around to feel the way Shakespeare wanted the audience to feel. He wanted to express his life and his way of thinking through his art which was dramatic writing. Shakespeare expresses his love through his plays such as Twelfth Night, As You Like It, Hamlet and many others through his use of wit, humor and dramatic talent. In his life he experienced many ups and downs as we all do. Shakespeare married a women, Anne Hathaway, who was eight years older than he at the ripe age

Business Academic Skills Essay

Question: Evaluation of the business conduct in the clothing, textile and footwear industries. Answer: Introduction With the universal recognition of the clothing, textile and footwear (CTF) industries and the globalization of the economy playing as the driving force for development and growth, ethical principles are important for the well-being of the workers and the organization. The industries with a strong sense of ethical responsibilities are in a constant process to improve the employee condition through strategic measures and innovative policies customized for their employees (Fibre2fashion.com 2016). However, there are incidences where especially the international labors are exploited and the domestic workers are mistreated. This assignment will determine that business ethics are essential in the clothing, textile and footwear industries and the principles of Global Business Standards Codex are crucial for evaluation of the business conduct. Fair business policies will promote the ethical virtues in the organization that will bring justice to the workers. Fast fashion is the trend at the moment with reinvented supply chains that promotes globalization (Tokatli 2008). Globalization promotes the economic development of the country which in turn improves the material welfare of the workers. This can be maintained with fairness in the labor laws and standards. With globalization, the problem of exploitation has aggravated and although several preventive procedures have been adopted, they are not sufficient to protect the international workers in the foreign lands (Keiser and Garner 2012). The dignity of the workers and transparency in business can be maintained with proper protection of labor rights (Pc.gov.au 2016). It is the ethical responsibility of the CTF organizations to protect their workers and conduct a healthy business without exploitation and injustice. This includes providing the workers with reasonable wages, appropriate living and working conditions (Hoang and Jones 2012. This will also improve the output of the labors and therefore, the productivity will also be high. Sociopolitical reforms aids to play a critical role in reducing violations of the labor laws and sound inter-business agreements prevents exertion of pressure on the workers with longer deadlines (Life-Cycle 2012). Workers rights and safety are thus protected with these ethical measures. Justified pricing of the products even in the era of fast fashion can generate revenues to maintain the ethical standards of the organization for employee welfare. Distribution of benefits is a broad term that applies to the CTF industry as well since globalization is in progress with global sourcing. Equal benefits should be offered to the workers of an organization with international and domestic workers and judgment should be impartial (Hw.ac.uk 2016). Promotion of fair trade principles also helps to reduce the economic burden on the supplying firms and this, in turn, helps to reduce deception and cheating of the workers along with over burdening with work. Corporate social responsibilities and designated labor standards are very much effective in maintaining the dignity of the workers and transparency and fairness in the business (Hoang and Jones 2012). Evidence does not support these ethical statements as there are incidences that expose the sweatshop labor and exploitation of labors in the CTF industries. Fast fashion has drastically increased the demand for CTF products and this has, in turn, made the supplying firms break the ethical chains for supplying the demands (Crinis 2010). In addition, the foreign workers hailing from poorer countries are made to work harder in the developed countries that violate their rights and dignity and even challenge the safety measures. Factory audits are falsified and labor standards are developed to exhibit fairness and transparency, however, they are never applied in the interest of the poor labors and workers. Long working hours and lower wages are associated with sweatshop labor and exploitation (Snyder 2010). From the essay, it can be deduced that although there are several measures undertaken by various countries to protect the rights and dignity of the workers, they are either not followed or violated. These results in breaching of the ethical guidelines and increase in the misery of the workers in the CTF industries. Reformed supply chain ethics can solve this issue to a greater extent (Gwilt and Rissanen 2011). Foreign labor laws can be beneficial in protecting the foreign workers in foreign lands. Corporate codes of conduct and their appropriate implementation are also important for the reduction of exploitation of labor. Overall, it can be stated that the ethical principles of Global Business Standards Codex can be beneficial in the evaluation and fair maintenance of the business conduct. References Crinis, V., 2010, Sweat or no sweat: Foreign workers in the garment industry in Malaysia,Journal of contemporary Asia,vol.40, no.4, pp.589-611, viewed 28 September 2016, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00472336.2010.507046. Fibre2fashion.com 2016,Ethical issues in fashion - the what, when, why, how and who - Free Fashion Industry Articles - Fibre2fashion.com, viewed 28 September 2016, https://www.fibre2fashion.com/industry-article/2537/ethical-issues-in-fashion?page=1. Gwilt, A. and Rissanen, T., 2011.Shaping sustainable fashion: Changing the way we make and use clothes. Routledge, London. Hoang, D. and Jones, B., 2012, Why do corporate codes of conduct fail? Women workers and clothing supply chains in Vietnam,Global Social Policy, vol. 12, no.1, pp.67-85, viewed 28 September 2016, https://gsp.sagepub.com/content/12/1/67.short. Hw.ac.uk. 2016,Ethics in Fashion, Communication, Consumerism and Sustainability, MSc/Diploma - Postgraduate study, Heriot-Watt University Scottish Borders, viewed 28 September 2016, https://www.hw.ac.uk/postgraduate/ethics-fashion-communication-consumerism-sustainability.htm. Keiser, S.J. and Garner, M.B., 2012,Beyond design: The synergy of apparel product development, AC Black Edinburgh. Life-Cycle, A., 2012, Environmental impacts in the fashion industry,Textiles, Fashion and Sustainability: A special theme issue of The Journal of Corporate Citizenship (Issue 45), p.17, Greenleaf publishing, Sheffield. Pc.gov.au. (2015).Home - Productivity Commission, viewed 28 September 2016, https://www.pc.gov.au/. Snyder, J., 2010, Exploitation and sweatshop labor: Perspectives and issues,Business Ethics Quarterly,vol. 20, no. 02, pp.187-213, viewed 28 September 2016, https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/business-ethics-quarterly/article/exploitation-and-sweatshop-labor-perspectives-and-issues/FE497F2ED299A902DF40C4A5FF071DF1. Tokatli, N., 2008, Global sourcing: insights from the global clothing industrythe case of Zara, a fast fashion retailer,Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 8, no. 1, pp.21-38, viewed 28 September 2016, https://joeg.oxfordjournals.org/content/8/1/21.short.

Outback Inc. Company Analysis

Introduction Outback Inc was established with the sole aim of reaping from the booming tourism sector in Australia. Noting that tourism has a lot of contribution to the economy of Australia, a strategic company would make use of the status quo to reap from the benefits of tourism. Basically, the population growth in the country has risen in the past to unprecedented level, and the tourism sector employs more than 500,000 people.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Outback Inc. Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, the sector spends over $85 billion annually. This sector is thriving very well in the country because of the beautiful sceneries such as beautiful landscape, unique and variety of cultures, aboriginal art, outback, and coastal lifestyles, which serve as the major attraction for a number of visitors from within and out of the country. Therefore, the research is about the study o f Outback Inc in terms of its organisational structure and design, Team working and teams, management and leadership approaches, and organisational culture. It then gives a summary of the findings and recommendations. Organisational Structure and Design Structurally, the organisation is designed to respond to the needs of consumers demands. Tasks are divided to make sure that the organisation runs efficiently. Therefore, the divisions make up the organisation structure and have been applied in the company as a way of increasing the workers’ morale during their work so that the company could realise high output in terms of quantity and quality. Notably, task division is a structural method to motivate the worker, who then would feel encouraged to put more effort in the particular line of duty he/she is performing. As a result, the company would improve the quality of the product and increase the number of unit productions. Different companies have various ways of designing the organisation tasks and making sure that the workers are motivated. In this regard, some of the ways in which the companies carry out restructuring include division of labour and coordinating them. Here, division of labour is a way of respecting diversity and opinions, ensuring that the workers are assigned duties in departments, where they qualify. This structuring should be done without any form of prejudice so that it could promote the workers based on their qualification and experience. This enhances specialisation and development of expertise in the workers’ area of interest and profession.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the worker’s activities have to be coordinated so that efficiency could be achieved. In addition, the efficiency helps in goal accomplishment. For this situation, the company used the three work coordination, inclu ding informal communication, standardisation and formal hierarchy. When these forms of coordination are applied effectively at work, the company might minimise cases of workers unruliness. Under informal communication, Outback Inc has applied a number of means, in making sure that the workers are informed appropriately. For instance, sharing information, encouraging teamwork and media-richness enhance information sharing among the workers. Under standardisation, the company has used a number of ways in coordinating the workforce. For example, the use of formal instructions, training and outline clear goals, which would help in achieving uniformity. Moreover, standardisation also leads to the manufacturing of quality goods acceptable globally. The company also uses formal hierarchy as a form of work coordination. In this case, it applies direct supervision where the where the workers’ performance is closely monitored by the supervisor who is his/her immediate boss. Notably, th e hierarchy ensures that the leader is directly responsible for the activities to the people below him/her, but answerable to the immediate boss. This practice is commonly used in formal organisations. However, the formal hierarchical system of work coordination is slow, costly and generally not acceptable to the young people. Therefore, the organisational structure and design that Outback Inc applies intend to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. Often, the company uses comparative e approach in picking the best alternative. Besides, the comparison is also through analysis of data from other regions. In this approach that the company used, it has managed to create workable structures and proper employee coordination efforts in the management of the company affairs.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Outback Inc. Company Analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Team Working and Teams Outback Inc encourag es the application of teamwork in most of its department on matters of technicality. The input of different people is very important if meaningful success has to be achieved by the company. For technical cases affecting the industry, teams and team working forms the best strategy for making conclusive and reliable decisions on the best course of action the company might take to avert a looming problem. As the organisation grows larger in size, it increasingly needs decentralisation of labour force. This necessitates the use of teams as a way of achieving accountability of the workers. When different duties are assigned to various groups of people, each team would be accountable to the output. This creates competition among the teams in order to achieve quality. In addition, teamwork improves efficiency at work. This is because, once the team has been assigned a specific duty, it would be upon each and all member(s) to make sure that every person does the required work with minimal s upervision. Sometimes, complex duties necessitate the use of professionals who can also organise as a team and carry out the specific and technical activities. Teamwork in the company is very essential because sometimes, majority of the people in the team might be motivated by generation factors, such as the self-fulfillments of the duties. Such people should be allowed to fulfill their dreams and inculcate such skills in running their affairs. In the company, the technology related duties that some of the employees do, such as maintaining the company website are conducted in close consideration with other teams. Notably, the work characterizes the modern generation and it is a full-filling to the team of general workforce mandated to perform such task. In fact, they are proud of the duties they perform and able to innovate. From this information, not only had the aged workers pronounced such team spirits, but also a younger generation who are flexible to, and identify with the use of technology to promote tour facilities. Despite the generation’s arguments, financial incentives are still justified for its short-term and immediate impact of teamwork actions. Therefore, teamwork is more effective than the other ways of individual motivation, which are intended to achieve a long-term impact on the organization.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Here, the uniformity of motivating the workers does not apply, because they are motivated differently depending on age and the personal preferences. For example, scholars asserted that the older workers are motivated by the comfort of their duties, which they would like to keep other than operating as a team. On the contrary, the younger workforce is mostly interested in learning and growing their skills on the duties, which they perform, thus finds it easier to work as a team than, as individuals. Therefore, they much flexible to the organizational and team changes, and they are agents of management changes. Such changes aimed at increasing the management’s responsiveness to the workers’ development and creativity actually motivates the young workers. As a result, it is most important for the company to create an enabling environment that would motivate each team, to increase the production both quantitatively and qualitatively. In exploring the determinants of reward impacts on the various teams, the management realized that there were considerable increments in the performance culture of the company as opposed to situations where the workers performed their duties individually. This is a proof that teamwork has significant impacts on the employees’ output both in the unit production and the quality. In studying the descriptive statistics of the company, the research noted that there was a systematic trend considering the team operations in the company. The other significant inference about teamwork was that there are various factors explaining the employees’ preference for operating as a team or single entities and subsequent impacts on their performance. This consideration does not forget the distinctive approaches, their significance, and the particular roles they play in increasing the workers morale, either as a team or as individuals. Management and Leadership Approach As a company operating in the hospitality industry, the company majorly used the traditional leadership style, the so called hierarchical type of leadership. Here, the decisions are made at the top then trickled down to the management and finally to the workers. Since most of the workers in the company are young, they are highly enthusiastic to learn from the available opportunities, but always struggle with the leadership because they do not want unnecessary control over their scope of duties. Therefore, the company leadership struggles to retain them as they always look for alternative employment opportunities. A critical review of the management and leadership style adopted in the company outlines the fundamental principles, which defines the company objectives. The research findings indicated that the leadership methodology in the company was more of pragmatic than theoretical approaches. Under the company management approach, the research outlined in an explicit way, that the management had adopted the latest and more practical lead ership strategies. The Leadership approaches that the company used in organising its workers, aimed at achieving a given purpose and helped the organisation in making key decisions and recommendations about the improvements, which should be done to make advancement on the working condition. The main aim of issue based management strategies in the company was to discover the various methods of motivation that the company could use to promote quality production, and the affects that the guidelines have on the employees’ performance. The other objective of issue based management approach used in the company, is to determine the workability of various motivational approaches and structural differentiation in achieving the organizational goals. According to the research, it established that the objective leadership contributed to its successful operations. Here, it could be deduced that the leadership style enhanced interpersonal relationships among the employees, and acted as a m otivation factor in the company operations. The leadership style also improved the workplace environment that was perceived as conducive and favoring the company employees. Indeed, this was a result of the coordinated effort and ensuring that the workers optimized their skills in building this relationship since it is an essential part the tourism industry. The tour operation works was also perceived by many as interesting, thus increasing the workers’ motivation and the extent they cooperated with the management, in making the leadership approaches successful. Noting that education was core in boosting the workers skills, the management used an approach that prioritized further training as a requisite for all employees. In this sense, the company also offered career advancement and recognized the workers. One could also deduce that the leaders also practiced equality in treating the workers, thus the company employees were respected and given equal treatment and development, in terms of career personal skills. The other management skill that the company used was the enhancement internal communication. In this regard, internal communication was seen as effective and a better management approach in making the information available to all the concerned parties; leave alone the benefits and the monetary rewards, which the company offered to their employees. In addition, the leaders also encouraged autonomy of work and the employees were given appraisal. In this case, the company made it an obligation that each worker was given enough responsibility to keep them busy and accountable throughout their duties. Other than only enhancing autonomy, the company formulated policies, which guaranteed the employees job security, thus making them become interested in working more for the organisation. Organisational Culture Outback Inc developed a very unique culture that rested on its objectives and goals. Indeed, the organisation culture is the entire attributes, wh ich assist in developing the organisations’s culture. This research indicated that the company culture resulted from the efforts, which the people had in their duties, while aiming at the organisational goals and objectives. In essence, the determination with which the staff exhibited for many years during their work in the company resulted to a culture of success. Nevertheless, some cultural influences originated outside the company. The organisational culture embraced principles such as span of control, formalisation, centralisation, departmentalisation, innovation, creativity and open-mindedness, in order to pursue the company goals, growth and knowledge. Apparently, the company developed passion and hard work, encouraging straightforward coordination, and specialisation are part of the company culture. The workers and other stakeholders in the organisation should contribute to the improvement of the culture that the company practices. For example, the company culture over emphasises on specialisation and the desire to succeed in advancing the quality of service offered in the company. In addition, the company used its culture as an identity that and work performance that has driven to an advanced level. The culture of specialisation encouraged the workforce to enhance their performance at work to increase the amount of production and quality. In encouraging specialisation, the company effectively used the human resources and enhanced professionalism. As a result, the company made sure that the employees are qualified and recruited in the appropriate department. Besides, each department had its members distinctively placed in various teams with people of similar qualification and interest. In this regard, the employee would carry out the duties with due diligence so that they would enhance quality individually and as a team. This measure aims at reducing the probable low performance among the workers. Furthermore, the company culture was developed as a result of decentralizing its operation and encouraging the formation of teams and teamwork. Under this practice, the company was able to meet the clients’ desire about the quality and efficiency of the services. For instance, the customers in the tour and travel sector demanded services, which fulfill their desires. The workers from each team were expected to uphold the organisational culture and act responsibly to improve the organisation image so that it may have an influx of foreigners and locals to enjoy the services. However, a number of workers in the company became more anxious about the job security, thus increased their efforts in performing the duties. This enhanced the workers performance and developed of the overall company culture. Similarities between Outback Inc and OUTBACK INC The two companies had a lot of things in common. First, they were tour-based companies in Australia. Realising that the country had great tour potential for local and international vi sitors, the companies used the infrastructure such as beautiful environment, luxurious coastal lifestyle, aboriginal arts, outback, and other cultures. The two countries depended on New Zealand, Japan, UK, China, and the USA. The countries are the niche market for foreign visitors despite the rise and fall of tour preferences. Therefore, the situation demanded increased caution when marketing the country tour destination and profiles. The two companies restructured their operations and encouraged teamwork in executing the duties. During decline in the number of visitors, the responsible teams were to take the initiative to market the company’s services and potential tour destinations so that it could see improvement in the demands of such services. Differences between Outback Inc and OUTBACK INC Some of the major differences include the following. OUTBACK INC was affected by the Iraq War that led to economic outfalls, the 1989 pilots’ strike, SARS outbreak among other disputes common to the tour sector. This interfered with the company operations during that period. Second, the company experience staff shortage that has affected the operations in the tour industry, in the country. As the industry got troubled, so did the company faced increasing challenges in promoting the operations and satisfying the needs of the visitors who defied the odds to have sometimes in the luxurious environment. Implications Some of the implications include finding amicable solution to the disputes, which rocked the tour industry in the country. This would serve as an incentive to the players in the industry. It would also increase the number of visitors because non-disputable environment is attractive to foreigners and the local tourists. Through this practice, the company would see increased number of tourists booking accommodation and the ones seeking tour assistance. The other implication is the need to enhance marketing. Here, the company should make sure that it does adequate promotion of the available and conspicuous tour destinations so as to stands of benefiting from tourism. Through proper targeted promotion, the company is capable of being successful in the industry. The company also needs to improve the accommodation facilities to realise the full potential of he industry during the peak periods. Besides, the accommodation should target a particular class to prevent the company from being irrelevant for the high class guests. Conclusion In summary, the company has made a lot of changes in terms of its organisational structure and design. Here, the organisation structures respond to the needs of consumers’ demands. Besides, the tasks are divided to make sure that the organisation runs efficiently. Team working has also been used in the company to nature expertise in various departments of the company. Notably, the input of different people is very important if meaningful success has to be achieved by the company. On matters rel ating to management and leadership approaches, the decisions are made at the top then trickled down to the management and finally to the workers. Literally, the aim of issue based management strategy that the company used was to discover the various methods of motivation that the company could use to promote quality production, and the affects that the guidelines have on the employees’ performance. Finally, the organisational culture of Outback Inc include the principles such as span of control, formalisation, centralisation, departmentalisation, innovation, creativity and open-mindedness Recommendations For success of the organisation, it is recommended that the organisation should consider creating management structures, which are viable for its operations. Secondly, the company should encourage the formation of teams and team working so that people with specific talents are allowed to share and innovate useful ways of running the affairs of various departments. Third, the company needs to adopt pragmatic, conventional and result-oriented leadership approaches so that they could succeed in managing diversity in the organisation. Finally, the organisation should promote its culture so that it could stand out during competition. This case study on Outback Inc. Company Analysis was written and submitted by user Violet D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Gettysburg Address

In â€Å"The Gettysburg Address†, by Abraham Lincoln the idea of ‘freedom for all’ was the bases on which the speech was written. There are several examples in which this theme is developed. Lincoln opened by proclaiming that our nation was found on the proposition that all mean were created equal. This one line initiated how Lincoln felt about the freedom for anyone and everyone. Lincoln proceeded to develop this theme when he remarked about the thousands of Americans who had died on the battlefield, by saying â€Å"...these dead shall not have died in vainthat this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom....† Lincoln finished his speech with this line to further influence the American people to continue the fight for their freedom and to further demonstrate the theme of his speech by declaring that they would have a new birth of freedom and in showing the Americans that their fellow men who had died would still accomplish their beliefs in freedom. Throughout the speech Lincoln established the theme of ‘freedom for all’. By beginning his speech with the birth of the nation and ending his speech by describing his vision of the nation’s eventual rebirth, Lincoln made clear to the American people his belief in ‘Freedom for all’.... Free Essays on Gettysburg Address Free Essays on Gettysburg Address In â€Å"The Gettysburg Address†, by Abraham Lincoln the idea of ‘freedom for all’ was the bases on which the speech was written. There are several examples in which this theme is developed. Lincoln opened by proclaiming that our nation was found on the proposition that all mean were created equal. This one line initiated how Lincoln felt about the freedom for anyone and everyone. Lincoln proceeded to develop this theme when he remarked about the thousands of Americans who had died on the battlefield, by saying â€Å"...these dead shall not have died in vainthat this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom....† Lincoln finished his speech with this line to further influence the American people to continue the fight for their freedom and to further demonstrate the theme of his speech by declaring that they would have a new birth of freedom and in showing the Americans that their fellow men who had died would still accomplish their beliefs in freedom. Throughout the speech Lincoln established the theme of ‘freedom for all’. By beginning his speech with the birth of the nation and ending his speech by describing his vision of the nation’s eventual rebirth, Lincoln made clear to the American people his belief in ‘Freedom for all’....

Word Choice Stationary vs. Stationery - Proofeds Writing Tips

Word Choice Stationary vs. Stationery - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Stationary vs. Stationery What do you call a pencil that can’t move? Stationary stationery! If you didn’t find that hilarious, we assume it must be because you’re not sure about the difference between â€Å"stationary† and â€Å"stationery† (we refuse to accept that our puns are inherently unfunny). Why arent you laughing? Is this thing on?(Photo: flickr/Benjamin Ragheb) More seriously, the terms â€Å"stationary† and â€Å"stationery† are commonly confused due to looking so similar on paper. However, since they also refer to completely different things, you need to use them correctly if you’re writing for college or work. Stationary (Not Moving) â€Å"Stationary† is an adjective meaning â€Å"immobile† or â€Å"not moving.† If you’ve ever been to a spinning class at a gym, for example, you’ll have ridden a â€Å"stationary bicycle.† Spinner 1: Are we nearly there yet?Spinner 2: Just shut up and pedal. It can also be used to describe something that can move, but isn’t currently: The driver collided with a stationary vehicle, but nobody was hurt. Another use of â€Å"stationary† is to describe an unchanging condition or quantity, such as in: A stationary population can enhance social stability. In either case, â€Å"stationary† refers to something that doesn’t move. Stationery (Office Materials) The noun â€Å"stationery† refers to office supplies, particularly paper and other writing equipment: We’re running low on stationery, so I’ve ordered paper and toner. It can also be used as an adjective when describing something related to stationery, such as a â€Å"stationery set† (a set of writing equipment) or a â€Å"stationery store† (a shop that sells stationery). Technically, the coffee doesnt count as stationery, even if most office workers would stop functioning without it. Stationary or Stationery? Since one of these terms is spelled with â€Å"-ar-† and the other with â€Å"-er-,† the key thing is remembering which is which. Luckily, this is made easier by the fact that â€Å"paper† is spelled with an â€Å"-er† at the end, as well as being an important office supply: Paper is a type of stationery. As such, if you’re describing something that, like paper, can be found in an office, the correct term will typically be â€Å"stationery.† Otherwise, the right word will be â€Å"stationary.† Remember: Stationary = Not moving Stationery = Office supplies

Oracle Database Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Oracle Database Concepts - Assignment Example In invoice table (2NF), item price and item description are dependent on item alone and is independent of the invoice information. Thus invoice table is further reduced to 3NF by moving the independent fields to another table named ITEM as shown below: Thus the final design has 3 tables: CUSTOMER, ITEM, and INVOICE. Customer and Item are related to INVOICE using customer id and item id respectively as foreign keys. The new tables (reduced to 3NF) are shown below: The initial design for storing invoice information had a single table. All the information was stored on the single table. This created a lot of redundancy in the database. For example, if a customer purchases three quantity of 5 items, then the information for the customer has to be repeated for all 15 (3 * 5) rows. This not only creates redundant data but also increases the database size. Further, if the customer information changes, then all the rows have to be updated. This might create a lot of update anomalies. Though this sort of anomalies can be avoided by updating all rows by using customer id in the WHERE clause, there are chances for the presence of huge records for each customer in the invoice table. This may result in heavy updates and lowers the overall efficiency and throughput. After reduction to 2NF, though the data redundancy and update anomaly is eliminated to some extent, it still exists for item information. The information for items like item description and item price is purely dependent on ITEM id and not on invoice. This may again create redundancy and update anomalies. Hence the item information is moved to a new table thereby storing each business entity in separate tables. Thus, the new design that is reduced to 3NF eliminates redundancy and update anomalies and increases the overall efficiency.

Situational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Situational Leadership - Essay Example Firstly, I need to be aware of all teachers’ skills and competencies as well as experience in the field of their respective teaching. Usually, organizational change is a complex phenomenon and has to be dealt in a systematic manner. The concept of situational leadership provides a framework for effective change leadership by identifying six stages of concern, which when addressed appropriately can help in successful implementation of any organizational change (Blanchard, 2010). Besides these stages of concern, the developmental level in the change process of each individual staff member needs to be considered (Baca & Cervantes, 1998). Based on these developmental levels, stages of concern model proposed by Hershey and Blanchard can be used for change implementation (Olson, 2008). For instance, staff with information concerns needs to be given complete information so that they can decipher the sequence of events and be able to arrive at logical reasoning behind the tasks/events . Secondly, people with personal concerns are usually worried about the impact of events/tasks or change upon themselves. These groups, usually the new teachers, are also concerned about their own abilities to cope with the change.

How a Simple Gesture of Courtesy Can Change Humanity Essay Example for Free

How a Simple Gesture of Courtesy Can Change Humanity Essay Basically, Courtesy is simply defined as showing of politeness towards other people. However, if you think about it further, this word means so much more as it can make huge changes in our lives, our nation, and the entire humanity. Nowadays, it is quite significant that we show kindness to other people, not just the ones we personally get to be acquainted with but especially those individuals we don’t know. Being civil towards each other only means that we respect each other’s opinions, way of thinking, and actions. We all know that each and every one of us are uniquely created and we have to understand those differences because we can all grow and learn from each other if we only take the time to make realizations out of these everyday actions. One good paradigm is our school community here at LPU in Manila. We have to face the reality that there can be times when we cannot contain ourselves from making a fuss out of class misunderstanding with our professors/classmates; or the never ending school violations that we get from the school guards; waiting in queue for long lines during enrollment, paying for our school fees, or merely waiting for our turn to be served food at the cafeteria; and asking for some mercy from our terror professors who finds it rather fun to see us having a difficult time accomplishing their subject requirements. These are those â€Å"some things† that can make our temper soar rocket high. At one point, before making not-so-good reactions, have we asked ourselves about how we should deal with all these? Have we thought of showing courtesy even if we feel that we’re being violated of our rights on those sometimes? I personally think that showing act of politeness can turn dreadful situations into something better. We can define ourselves with how we usually act when no one is watching. Good thoughts toward others are very important not because it can make you look excellent and ideal, but it can personally and eventually professionally hone you into a good citizen of this country. Showing that you appreciate your professors through studying well on their class can make them feel that they’re doing their jobs precisely. If we take a closer look at how these educators passionately share their knowledge with us, we’ll all realize that their profession is priceless. We should know the fact that they serve as our second parents and we must give them equal respect that we give our real ones. As a student of this university, I would have to say that courtesy doesn’t just end with showing acts of politeness and kindness inside the school premises. We should exhibit courtesy everywhere we go and with whomever we meet. Our real lives actually start when we leave school and face the sometimes unfair and harsh reality of the world. I know for sure that if we only give out courtesy not just from our minds but also from our hearts, we can change this country’s state and become one of the best from around the globe. We cannot just leave our country’s success to the government. Because again, courtesy plays a huge part into making a country stand out. Being a good citizen is not about becoming a politician that can guide this country and its people. We can be our simple selves and yet make a huge difference by doing our part. We can show courteousness through abiding law; helping out other Filipinos; supporting our government’s projects; having a warm heart for less fortunate; sharing our knowledge through hard work; and being honest, just and fair. Filipinos are known to be hard working, respectful, kind, and humble. If we keep on improving not just because we want to be successful but also to become better persons each day, the whole world can perceive how simple courtesy can make everything better. The whole world needs courtesy just like it needs love. Courteousness is one of the significant factors that can make an individual, a nation, and humanity exceptional. Courtesy starts with us. It is given and should not be asked for.

Elite Athletes are Being Paid too Much Essay -- essays research papers

Are elite athletes/sports men or women being paid too much if not how are there high salaries justified, if so, why, and how could there money be put to better use? To most people one million dollars a lot of money, to most people one thousand dollars is a lot, but even though it is hard to believe, to some people these figures mean nothing. It is no secret that professional athletes particularly those who play soccer, golf, and race F1 cars make big bucks, but people do not realize to what extent. Last year tiger woods made 87 million dollars, to put that into perspective that’s 34800 times what George Bush makes a year and he is one of the most influential, powerful people in the world. During Mike Tyson’s match against Peter McNealy he made 281,000 dollars, in a single second. This poses the question, how can he, or anyone for that matter deserve to make that much money? To become an elite athlete such as Tiger Woods, it is not easy. Statistically it is harder to become a NBA player than to become a brain surgeon. There are some key factors and sacrifices that need to happen to ensure success. Just like if someone was to become a highly successful businessmen or surgeon. 1. You need to be brought up in the right environment, exposed to the way the game works, and the correct technique involved. In Tigers case his father showed him how to play from the age of two. In the case of a businessmen, his father might have told him about the stock market etc also from a young age, this way their education begins early. 2. To most professional athletes, to realize their dream also means to forget about an education, Tiger Woods quit college to pursue a life of a professional golfer. 3. A professional athlete’s career ... ...gets paid. The money given to the athletes could be used for more probable causes. Recently Alex Rodriguez of the Texas Rangers signed a contract for 252 million dollars over a span of 10 years. This is enough money to feed the nation's poor for a year or to provide a lot more housing and shelters for the homeless. Others could benefit from the millions being wasted on these athletes. Not because the players don’t earn the money but because it could just be better spent on more important issues in our communities. In closing, these athletes are making too much money in a society that traditionally bases salaries on the value of ones work. These athletes do not know what real work is or how hard it is to make a dollar. Although their job is difficult, they do not play a role in our economy like their salaries indicate. Therefore, they should receive less money.

Employment and Performance Essay

When allocating work, what things should be taken into consideration? When Allocating work you need to implement a clear and precise goal that is achievable within the given time. The availability, knowledge and skills of the staff need to be considered before assigning them to a particular role to ensure the best outcomes. Why are performance management systems necessary and how do you think performance appraisals contribute to performance and productivity in an organisation? Performance management systems help direct employees toward organisational goals by letting employees know what is expected of them and how it will be achieved. When an employee has been given the performance management system, they should know clearly what is expected of them and know what they will be assessed on. It is also a good opportunity for employers to praise employees on the areas that they have excelled in and also to identify areas that need further improvement. 3. What steps might be taken if it is necessary to follow-up performance appraisals? Some steps that need to be followed when evaluating performance appraisals are: †¢Set performance goals with each employee. †¢Set developmental goals with each employee. †¢Shift focus from their past performance to their future performance. †¢Working directly with the employees. †¢Provide the employees with formal and informal coaching, guidance, feedback and direction. Assessment Activity 11 Explain what coaching and mentoring are, making certain that the differences between the two processes are clearly explained. Mentoring is relationship orientated which provides a safe environment where the mentored shares whatever issues affect his or her professional and personal success. Mentoring is always long term because it requires time in which both partners can learn about one another and build trust. Coaching is more tasks specific. The focus is on concrete issues, such as managing more effectively and improving technical and practical skills. Also a coach can successfully be involved with the coached for a short period of time, maybe even just a few sessions. The coaching lasts for as long as is needed. Assessment Activity 12 Why is necessary to document and record performance? Documenting employee performance sends the message to an organisation’s workers that their work is observed and acknowledged. As employees realise their work is acknowledged their level of engagement in their job increases. This causes productivity to increase. Also when managers meet with employees to discuss their performance reviews, employees can ask their managers questions about comments they gave regarding their performance. They can also discuss personal items such as work and life balance issues that impact their performance and work with their managers to arrive at solutions to the challenges. Assessment Activity 8 1. Why is it necessary that performance monitoring and evaluation be continuous process? To ensure employee improvement, productivity, satisfaction and to make it into an effective communication tool that enables feedback from employees to management as well as from management to employees. 2. Why should both managers and employees receive suitable training in how to handle performance review/appraisal interviews? Managers and employees both need training so they understand how the system works, how they can and should contribute, what the results of an appraisal should be and how the appraisal process fits with the organisations procedures and expectations for future performance. 3. How and how often do you think performance appraisals should be held and why do you think this? I think performance appraisals should be held two times a year to discuss performance, counselling and developing employees, discussing compensation, job status, or disciplinary decisions. In what ways can you recognise the contribution of your work group members and why should you do this? Some ways you can recognise contribution of your work group members are: †¢Public recognition for their contributions. †¢A thank you for doing the job. †¢An email note. †¢Time off. †¢Getting the group together to do a fun activity that’s not work related. With rewarding the team, they will likely work much harder if they feel that what they’re doing really makes a difference, and that their efforts are noticed by those with power. What is feedback and why is it important that managers and supervisors provide informal feedback to staff on a regular basis? Feedback: Information about reactions to a product, a person’s performance of a task, etc. which is used as a basis for improvement. It’s important that managers provide informal feedback to employees on a regular basis to ensure they fully understand if they are meeting the required goals and also to encourage improvement and acknowledging a job well done in a causal and non-formal way.

America’s Foundation

The United States Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson was a statement that was used on July 4, 1776 by the Continental Congress to declare the independence of thirteen American colonies from Britain. It entailed in part the following; political independence of every person as provided by natural law, right of revolution. By this, it implied that all Americans were entitled to equal rights and in cases where these rights were breached, anyone was entitled to revolt against the aggressor.Another part of the declaration was a list of charges against king George who was seen as having dishonored the rights of colonialist therefore was seen as unfit to govern. Lastly, the declaration stipulated conditions under which people could change their government and Britain situation offered a perfect example. Hence it called on to all colonies to throw off British Crown and claim their independence (Library of Congress, 1861, 865). The article of Confederation The article of C onfederation was the first governing constitution of America.The article sought to unite several States in America that were initially sovereign under the British regime. It was made in drafts with the last draft made in 1977 and adopted by Continental Congress on November 15, 1977. The article stipulated the rules and regulation to govern the new found United States confederation. Hence with the Article, United States was capable of making wars and settling interstates dispute diplomatically. Furthermore, United States was able to resolve issues concerning western territories.The articles were created with a view of providing freedom, Sovereignty and independence of America. With time, it was found that these articles were unable to provide sufficient provisions that would govern the country effectively hence a need for a detailed constitution that would replace the Confederation with the Federal. This paved way for the formation of a constitution in 1788 (Jensen, 1970, p 109). The constitution The constitution is the current governing body of law in United States of America.It is the supreme law of United States and is the source of legal authority fundamental to the existence of America and all its administrative and judicial bodies within it. It defines three arms of the government; the legislative led by Congress, an executive branch led by the President and judicial branch led by Supreme Court. In its description, it stipulates each branch powers that helps eliminate conflict of power during implementation. In addition, it established the federal system of government that gave individual states various rights.It was adopted on September 17, 1789 and has so far undergone twenty seven amendments (Hickey, 1853, 483) Comparison and Contrast between Articles of Confederation, Constitution and Declaration of Independence. There are various similarities and differences in the Declaration, Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. In comparison, all the ab ove three documents sought to provide the sovereignty and independence of United States of America. They stipulated that US was a sovereign state that was capable of making laws, negotiating diplomatic relations and setting up its own army.America, therefore, was free to trade and govern itself under its own laws without any external interference. All three document emphasized on basic human right. This was stipulated through the provision for freedom of movement and expression in the constitution and the Article of Confederation. Equality and sovereignty of each state was also equally stipulated in three documents. Above all, the document stipulated the rules and regulation that would hence fourth govern United States of America.Breach of which would lead to prosecution and there after a punishment. Similarity among the documents can also be seen in their way of formation where by; representatives from various states were chosen to draft them and later sign on the document to authe nticate them. In this sense, all the above three document are similar. Contrasts Among the notable differences are in levying taxes. In Articles of Confederation, Congress could only request various states to pay taxes but looking into the constitution, Congress has the right to levy taxes on individuals.On the Executive side, the Constitution provides the president with powers to choose cabinet members and has power to check on the powers of judiciary and legislature, however, the article provided the president with no executive powers and his role was only to preside over the Congress. On amending the constitution, two thirds of both houses of congress and three quarter of senate legislature are needed to amend the constitution under the provision of the current constitution compared to thirteen out of thirteen as provided by the Article.With the Article, it recommended that sovereignty remained within States however; the constitution states that it is the supreme law of the land hence sovereignty applies within the range of constitution. Regarding trade, Article provided no control of trade within states and no regulation what so ever was done between interstate trades. This implied that there was free movement of goods and services within states without government interference. However, constitution provides for regulation of trades between states and the power is bestowed to the Congress which oversees all these regulations.In formation of an army to provide military support, Article of Confederation awarded no right to the congress to draft troops that would participate in war. Hence, they had to rely on military contribution by various states. In the Constitution, Congress has the power to raise an army that would deal with any military emergency in the country. In conclusion, it can be asserted that without these three documents in US history, the legality of United States of America could be at stake and therefore, it would have become difficult to go vern all the states under one government.References Faber H. , Faber, Doris. (1987). We the People: The Story of the United States Constitution since 1787. New York: Scribner's. Hickey, W. (1853). The Constitution of the United States of America: With an Alphabetical Analysis; the Declaration of Independence †¦ Electoral Votes for All the Presidents and Vice-presidents: the High Authorities and Civil Officers of Government from March 4, 1789, to March 3. T. K. & P. G. Collins . pp 483. Jensen M. (1970).The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-constitutional History of the American Revolution 1774-1781. University of Wisconsin Press. Library of Congress (1861). Catalogue of the Library of Congress. Oxford University. Pp 865. Suksi M. (1993). Bringing in the People: A Comparison of Constitutional Forms and Practices of the Referendum. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. US History. Articles of Confederation Vs the Constitution. http://home. earthlink. net/~gfeldmet h/chart. art Accessed on February 26, 2009.

French Expressions Using Pain

French Expressions Using Pain The French word le pain literally means bread and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to say worthless, bankrupt, godsend, and more with this list of expressions with pain. Possible Meanings of Un Pain Loaf (of bread)Bar (of wax)Bar, cake (of soap)Block (of ice) Expressions with Pain Un arbre pain – Breadfruit tree Notre pain quotidien (religion) – Our daily bread Le pain et le vin (religion) – The bread and wine Pain dabeilles – Bee bread Pain dautel (religion) – Host Pain bà ©ni(t) – Consecrated bread Pain brà »là © (adjective) – Deep golden brown Pain eucharistique – Eucharist Pain grillà © – Toast Un pain de là ©gumes/poisson/etc. – Vegetable/fish/etc. loaf Une planche pain – Bread board; (informal) flat-chested woman Une tà ªte en pain de sucre – Egg-shaped head la mie de pain (informal) – Worthless, inconsistent Bon comme (du) bon pain – Good like good bread (extremely good) Long comme un jour sans pain (informal) – Interminable Pour une bouchà ©e de pain (informal) – Cheap, for a song Pour un morceau de pain (informal) – Cheap, for a son Avoir du pain sur la planche (informal) – To have a lot to do, have a lot on ones plate, have ones work cut out Avoir peur de manquer de pain – To be worried about the future Avoir son pain cuit – To be rich; to be condemned Enlever quelquun le pain de la bouche – To deprive someone Être leau et au pain sec – To be bankrupt; to be given only bread and water Être bon comme le pain – To be extremely good Faire de quelque chose son pain quotidien – To make something a habit Faire passer le goà »t du pain quelquun (informal) – To do someone in, to kill Faire perdre le goà »t du pain quelquun (informal) – To do someone in, to kill Gagner son pain – To make a living Manger son pain blanc (informal) – To be in a good situation temporarily Manger son pain noir (informal) – To be in a bad situation temporarily Manger son pain en son sac (informal) – To eat secretly / on the sly Manger un pain trempà © de larmes – To pay a lot for something Ne pas manger de ce pain-l (informal) – To avoid profiting from a sticky or illegal situation Mettre un pain quelquun (informal) – To punch/sock someone Mettre quelquun au pain sec – To punish someone by giving them only bread to eat Nul pain sans peine – No pain, no gain Ôter le goà »t du pain quelquun (informal) – To do someone in, to kill Ôter le pain de la bouche de quelquun – To deprive someone Se prendre un pain (informal) – To get punched or socked one Retirer le pain de la bouche de quelquun – To deprive someone Savoir de quel cà ´tà © son pain est beurrà © (informal) – To know what side your bread is buttered on (to be opportunistic) Tremper son pain de larmes – To be in despair Se vendre comme des petits pains (informal) – To sell very quickly, sell like hotcakes Vendre son pain avant quil ne soit cuit (informal) – To be presumptous, count ones chickens before theyre hatched Ne pas vivre que de pain – To not be materialistic Ça ne mange pas de pain. (informal) – Its not expensive, Its not important. Cest mon gagne-pain. (informal) – Its my job, Its how I make a living. Cest pain bà ©ni(t). (informal) – Its a godsend. Donnez-nous aujourdhui notre pain quotidien. – Give us this day our daily bread. Il a plus de la moitià © de son pain cuit. – He wont live long. Il pleure le pain quil mange. – Hes stingy. Il reste du pain sur la planche. – Theres still a lot to do. Il ne vaut pas le pain quil mange. (informal) – He is lazy. Je vais au pain. (informal) – Im going to get the bread. French Bread Related Expressions There are a lot of different kinds of French bread - here are some of the most common. Gros pain – Bread sold by weight Pain azyme – Unleavened bread Pain bà ©ni(t) – Consecrated bread Pain bis – Brown bread Pain de boulanger – Bakers bread Pain brià © – Hard-crusted, very dense bread from Normandy Pain de campagne – Farmhouse bread, country bread Pain chanter – Unleavened bread Pain au chocolat – Chocolate croissant Pain complet – Wholewheat / wholemeal bread Pain dorà © – French toast Pain dur – Dry bread Pain dà ©pices – Gingerbread Pain (de) fantaisie – Bread sold by piece rather than by weight Pain frais – Fresh bread Pain franà §ais (in Belgium) – Any long loaf of bread Pain de Gà ªnes – Sponge cake with almonds Pain grillà © – Toast Pain de gruau – Vienna bread Pain au lait – Sweet roll / bun Pain au levain – Traditionally leavened bread Pain long – Any long, cylindrical bread like a baguette Pain de mà ©nage – Homemade bread Pain de mie – Sandwich bread (with a thin crust) Pain mollet – Type of bread roll made with milk Pain moulà © – Bread cooked in a pan rather than directly on the oven rack Pain parisien – Long loaf of bread weighing 400 grams Pain perdu – French toast Pain polka – Bread marked with squares Pain quotidien – Everyday bread Pain aux raisins – Raisin Danish Pain rassis –Stale bread Pain de seigle –Rye bread Pain de son – Bran bread Pain de sucre – Sugar loaf Un petit pain – Bread roll

Biography of Ken Mattingly, Apollo and Shuttle Astronaut

Biography of Ken Mattingly, Apollo and Shuttle Astronaut NASA Astronaut Thomas Kenneth Mattingly II was born in Illinois on March 17, 1936, and raised in Florida. He attended Auburn University, where he earned a degree in aeronautical engineering. Mattingly joined the United States Navy in 1958 and earned his aviator wings flying from aircraft carriers until 1963. He attended Air Force Aerospace Research Pilot School and was selected as an astronaut in 1966. Mattingly Goes to the Moon Mattinglys first flight to space was aboard the Apollo 16 mission, on April 16, 1972, of which he served as commander. But this wasnt supposed to be his first Apollo mission. Mattingly was originally been scheduled to fly aboard the ill-fated Apollo 13 but was swapped out at the last minute with Jack Swigert after being exposed to measles. Later, when the mission was aborted due to an explosion in a fuel tank, Mattingly was one of the ground crew who worked around the clock to devise a fix that would save the Apollo 13 astronauts and bring them back safely to Earth. Mattinglys lunar trip was the next-to-last crewed moon mission, and during that time, his crewmates John Young and Charles Duke landed in the lunar highlands for a geology expedition to extend our knowledge  of the surface. One unexpected part of the mission became a legend among the astronauts. On the way to the Moon, Mattingly lost his wedding ring somewhere in the spacecraft. In the weightless environment, it simply floated away after he took it off. He spent most of the mission desperately searching for it, even during the hours that Duke and Young were on the surface. All to no avail, until, during a spacewalk on the way home, Mattingly caught sight of the ring floating out to space through the open capsule door. Eventually, it smacked into Charlie Dukes head (who was busy working on the experiment and didnt know it was there). Fortunately, it took a lucky bounce and rebounded back to the spacecraft, where Mattingly was able to catch it and safely return it to his finger. The mission lasted from April 16-27 and resulted in new mapping data of the Moon as well as information from 26 different experiments conducted, in addition to the ring rescue. Career Highlights at NASA Prior to his Apollo missions, Mattingly was part of the support crew for the Apollo 8 mission, which was a precursor to the Moon landings. He also trained as backup command pilot for Apollo 11 landing mission before being assigned to Apollo 13. When the explosion occurred on the spacecraft on its way to the Moon, Mattingly worked with all the teams to come up with solutions for the problems faced by the astronauts onboard. He and others drew on their experiences in simulators, where the training crews were confronted with different disaster scenarios. They improvised solutions based on that training to come up with a way to save the crew and develop a carbon dioxide filter to clear their atmosphere during the trip back home. (Many people know of this mission thanks to the movie of the same name.) Once Apollo 13 was safely home, Mattingly stepped into a management role for the upcoming space shuttle program and began training for his flight aboard Apollo 16. After the Apollo era, Mattingly flew aboard the fourth flight of the first space shuttle, Columbia. It was launched on June 27, 1982, and he was the commander for the trip. He was joined by Henry W. Hartsfield, Jr. as the pilot. The two men studied the effects of temperature extremes on their orbiter and operated a number of science experiments installed in the cabin and payload bay. The mission was successful, despite the need for a quick in-flight repair of a so-called Getaway Special experiment, and landed on July 4, 1982. The next and last mission Mattingly flew for NASA was aboard Discovery in 1985. It was the first classified mission flown for the Department of Defense, from which a secret payload was launched. For his Apollo work, Mattingly was awarded a NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1972. During his career at the agency, he logged 504 hours in space, which includes 73 minutes of extravehicular activity. Post-NASA Ken Mattingly retired from the agency in 1985 and from the Navy the following year, with the rank of rear admiral. He began working at Grumman on the companys space station support programs before becoming Chairman of Universal Space Network. He next took a job with General Dynamics working on Atlas rockets. Eventually, he left that company to work for Lockheed Martin with a focus on the X-33 program. His latest job has been with Systems Planning and Analysis, a defense contractor in Virgina and San Diego. He has received multiple awards for his work, which range from NASA medals to Department of Defense-related service medals. He is honored with an entry at New Mexicos International Space Hall of Fame in Alamogordo.

Health issues(snoking) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Health issues(snoking) - Essay Example They can make big changes in the body and can terribly affect the health of a person. Tobacco smoke contains more than 4000 poisonous chemicals including nitrogen oxides, hydrogen cyanide, tar, ammonia, metals, and various radio active compounds. Smoking increases the heart rate of the smoker and can increase the blood pressure also (Gould 2000). Tobacco smoke contains carbon monoxide which will block the necessary oxygen to the body tissues. Tobacco companies add ammonia into cigarettes which makes the brain absorb nicotine more vigorously than how it normally absorbs. Additives in the cigarettes increase the ‘free’ nicotine level of the cigarette which will enhance the addictive nature of the nicotine (Eysenck 1999). Smoking tobacco, whatever form it may appear (cigarettes, pipes or cigars), invites emphysema, lung cancers and similar respiratory sicknesses. The reason for almost 90 percent of lung cancer cases is nothing but smoking. Emphysema is a lung disease which is caused by chronic smoking. Stomach ulcers as well as acid reflux can also appear in smokers. Smoking will decay and stain teeth also. Tobacco also makes mouth and gum cancers. Smoking can be a reason for bad breath also. Smoking habit can make the charm of the face diminish and will invite wrinkles in the skin. Lips can turn black by chronic smoking habits. Chronic smoking habit also brings money and time loss. Smokers will have poor athletic ability compared to others. Smoking by pregnant women causes terrible consequences in newborn ladies (Oaks 2001). Babies born from smoking ladies will have various health problems including insufficient weight and asthma problems (Hoeger & Hoeger  2005). Smoking also results in heart dise ases (Bennett 1993). One of the most common problems associated with smokers is respiratory problem. Passive smokers also experience similar health problems as smokers do. Kids who are exposed to smoking will have ear infections and are

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

Report - Essay Example This difference is important to understand as it impacts not only businesses and investors but also governments in their policy formulation. This paper, therefore, aims to study whether different economic indicators influence large and small cap stocks by looking to answer the question: The key research question explored the relationship between economic indicators and stock prices small cap and as large cap companies in the US using available data for the last 10 years (from Jan 2001 to June 2011) based on 9 leading economic indicators and on two stock indices (one each for large and small cap stocks). The economic indicators were the independent variables while the stock price was the dependent variable in the multiple regression models developed for the two stock indices. Using public records, data were collected from publicly available financial statements of corporations. The proposed relationships were tested through regression analyses. Results indicated that the two stock cat egories are influenced by a different set of economic indicators except the Consumer Price Index, the Industrial Production Index (IPI), and the Consumer Confidence Index. The implication for economic change includes governments’ awareness of the need to monitor these factors as their Key Performance Indicators for measuring the impact and success of their past and future economic policy decisions on businesses. Table of Content Chapter 1Introduction 6 1.1Background and Context 6 1.2Objectives 6 1.3Achievements 7 1.4Overview of Dissertation 8 1.5Problem Description 8 Chapter 2Literature Review 10 Chapter 3Research Method 19 Chapter 4Data Analysis and Results 26 4.1Test of Variables 26 4.2Regression Analyses for the stock indices 26 4.2.1Regression analysis: S&P 500 27 4.2.2Regression analysis: S&P SmallCap 600 34 4.2.3Check for the predictability of regression models 43 Chapter 5Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations 46 5.1Summary 46 5.2Evaluation 49 5.3Future Work 51 R eferences 52 Appendix A: Normal distribution of dependent variables 55 Appendix B: Linearity of relation between economic indicators & S&P 500 56 Appendix C: Linearity of relation between economic indicators & S&P SmallCap 600 57 Appendix D: Clarification of concepts and terms 58 Qualifications & Experience 62 Abstract 1 Table of Contents 2 Chapter 1 Introduction 5 Chapter 2 Literature Review 9 Chapter 3 Research Method 18 Chapter 4 Data Analysis and Results 25 Chapter 5 Discussion, Conclusions, and Recommendations 43 References 49 Appendix A: Normal distribution of dependent variables 51 Appendix B: Linearity of relation between economic indicators & S&P 500 52 Appendix C: Linearity of relation between economic indicators & S&P SmallCap 600 53 Appendix D: Clarification of concepts and terms 54 Qualifications & Experience 58 List of Tables Table 1 9 Table 2 27 Table 3 28 Table 4 29 Table 5 29 Table 6 30 Table 7 34 Table 8 36 Table 9 36 Table 10 37 Table 11 38 Table 12 39 Table 13 39 Table 14 46 List of Figures Figure 1: Histogram of regression model residuals for S&P 500 32 Figure 2: Variance of residuals for S&P 500 regression model 32 Figure 3: Scatter plot of residuals for regression model for S&P

BAN - A Logic of Authentication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

BAN - A Logic of Authentication - Essay Example As a result, Borrows, Abadi and Needham formulated a logic of belief and action, to address these errors. The logic allows people to formally describe the beliefs of trustworthy parties involved in these authentication protocols, thus uncovering subtleties, redundancies and flaws through an analysis of the protocols’ syntax and semantics. Borrows, Abadi and Needham take four published protocols into account, in order to show how they illustrate the appropriateness of this logical method of analysis. But how sound is the logic that they are proposing? How far can a vague and ambiguous logic take us? This paper aims to introduce the famous BAN (Borrows, Abadi and Needham) logic and it’s use on one of the published protocols (i.e. Kerberos), to discuss the logic’s success, its successors, and to review the critiques made on the logic. This paper is based on the article †A Logic of Authentication† published in 1989 by the authors Michael Burrows, Martin A badi and Roger Needham, University of Cambridge. The paper was nominated for publication in TOCS by the Program Committee for the ACM SIGOPS Symposium on Operating Systems Principles, December 1989. The three authors completed part of this work at Digital Equipment Corporation and part at the University of Cambridge. 2 Chapter 2 Introduction In this chapter a brief introduction to the basic principles of the BAN logic is discussed as well as a short section about security protocols. 2.1 An Introduction to Borrows, Abadi, Need- ham (BAN) Logic The BAN Logic is named after Borrows, Abadi and Needham. The logic is, as they stated, a logic of belief and action. It contains no logical inversions; therefore it cannot be used to prove that a protocol is flawed. But when proof, that a protocol is correct, cannot be obtained, that protocol deserves to be treated with suspicion [?]. In other words BAN logic does not aim to prove the security of a protocol; it can only catch certain kinds of s ubtle errors, help us to reason about the protocol, and help us identify and formalize our assumptions and analysis. Details of the BAN logic such as the idealization of protocol transactions, along with the various inference rules, will be discussed on the later sections. The authors of †A Logic of Authentication† introduce the BAN logic to protocol designers whom they believe are inappropriately copying available techniques; thus coming up with protocols containing many security flows. The authors explain the basic notation of the logic and five rules that are applied to analyze protocols. Afterwards, they move on to actually idealize different existing protocols to conclude that such a simple logic can capture subtle differences between protocols. If there is one thing that the authors forgot to mention, that would be the basic definitions of frequently used terms. So in this paper I will try my best to define those terms. 3 CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTION 4 2.1.1 Security Pr otocols A security protocol usually uses cryptography to distribute messages, authenticate the communicating parties and protects data over an insecure network. It can be defined as a set of transactions or traces. Each transaction consists of a series of communication events, some of which are perhaps interleaved protocol runs. Every desirable

Aboriginal People In Canadian History And Culture History Essay

Aboriginal People In Canadian History And Culture History Essay Canada has provided a home for settlers ever since the first inhabitants arrived on the continent. Each of these groups of settlers had contributed to the rise of the country in several ways. Among the many inhabitants throughout the history of Canada, Canadian Indians had one of the greatest influence on the countrys economy and provided a very rich cultural heritage. Many experts think that the first Indian settlers had migrated to Canada during the last Ice Age, leaving their previous homeland, Siberia. After the ice had melted, only people could cross to Canada through the Bering Strait, while land animals had to stay behind.  [1]  Therefore, Canadian Indians had to establish their villages and society without the help of the most common European domestic animals such as donkeys, horses or oxen. Despite the fact that their domestic animal resources were limited, early Canadian Indians were very successful farmers. During the period between 500 BC and 1000 AD, each of the numerous Indian tribes had their own developed culture, customs and beliefs. Their food sources varied according to the geographical features of their living areas. In the northern areas of the country, fishing and hunting were the most popular means of acquiring food. The tribes living there, for example the Inuits, hunted for whales, thus they introduced a sea-hunting culture to the area. Moreover, among the Inuits, there were several fishermen who fished for salmon in the cold rivers surrounding their villages. The weather around the Arctic was quite harsh, especially during winter when the seas froze and snow covered everything, which made it necessary for the Inuits to develop new objects, such as the dog sleds, or the snow houses  [2]  , which are in use even in present day. The arrival of the European conquerors brought a huge change into the lives of the native people of Canada. As the members of the First Nations were skilled hunters and fishermen, they had resources and useful goods to offer to the Europeans. Among these goods, the most important one was animal fur (first the fur of beavers). Europeans and the native people made contact with each other with the help of trading goods. Europeans traded metal tools (which were very much needed by the Indians) for highly expensive animal fur. The limited cultural background of the North American hunting peoples provided an insatiable demand for the products of the more elaborate cultural development of Europeans. The supply of European goods, the product of a more advanced and specialized technology, enabled the Indians to gain a livelihood more easily to obtain their supply of food, as in the case of moose, more quickly, and to hunt the beaver more effectively.  [3]   As a result, several trading posts had been set up, which later evolved into towns, thus helping the development of Canadian settlements. The most active fur trading tribes, such as the Algonquians and the Hurons had an enermous role in the establishment of the very first trading stations and colonies. They hunted for food which they provided for the colonists, even if they had to carry these goods several hundreds of kilometers to be able to sell them. With the help of these tribes, the French colonists managed to establish the colony of Quebec, the first colony of Canada, in 1608. If it had not been for the help of the Algonquian and the Huron tribes, the French may have not been able to hold their stand on the continent. Due to the fact that the aboriginal inhabitants of Canada had been living in the country for a long time, several geographical areas were named by them, and many of these names are still in use in the present day. Actually, the name Canada originates from an Iroquoian word that means village or settlement  [4]  , which was later adopted by French settlers like Jacques Cartier. Other provinces and territories whose official names are aboriginal in origin are Yukon, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec and Nunavut.  [5]  Also, there are thousands of towns or cities with their names originating from aboroginal names, which indicates the huge impact of the aboriginal culture on present day Canada. The art of the indigenous people of Canada also largely contributed to the countrys cultural heritage. The most important art had been created before the European settlers arrived, and these artifacts have very unique characteristics. The most popular artifacts produced in that time were the totem poles, which had animals, such as eagles, bears, ravens or legendary creatures depicted on them. Many of the aboriginal people were skilled sculptors or painters, and after the Europeans arrival some of them started to make art for a commercial purpose. As a result, more and more aboriginal art had reached a wide variety of audience, and the Indian art became more and more popular. The culture of the aboriginal people had a huge effect on the contemporary theatre, too. Many stories featured in plays or dramas were based on aboriginal stories told by Indian storytellers. Each tribe had its own creation story or myth that was told orally to the members of the tribe for hundreds of years, and especially during ceremonial occasions. These stories preserved the spoken language of the tribes, and added them to the cultural heritage of Canada. Today, there are several languages still spoken by indigenous people, and the most widespread ones include Anishinaabe and Cree, with several hundred thousand speakers; also Inuktitut, Nunavut, Nunavik, Nunatsiavut, and Mikmaq.  [6]   One of the most important contribution of the native people to the economy of Canada was the use of the canoe throughout the trading period of the 17th and 18th century. As the European colonists could not navigate the area, they often hired aboriginal guides to help them find their way, and to mediate between trading tribes. The canoe (usually made from birch bark) was the fastest means of transport through the rivers of the country, and due to its design and structure, it could carry a huge amount of goods, such as fur, food, or the metal and iron tools that the native people were given in return. There had been several examples of a single native person carrying goods on his canoe from the eastern part of the country to the west. This journey consisted of several thousand kilometers, and the importance of keeping the trade routes active was recognised both by the colonists and the Indians. The native people of Canada contributed to the military successes first against the British, then later against the United States. During the war between the French colonists and the British, the Iroquis had trained the French soldiers in guerilla warfare, which was a great advantage. New France (the French colony in Canada) also had allies among the Algonquians, and they proved to be a great asset. The French had very close trading (hence military) ties with the Abenakis from Maine, many of whom had sought refuge in Canada and with the Micmacs and Malecites in the Maritimes. France also had loose alliances with the Great Lakes Algonquians: the Ojibwa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, Miami, and Illionis. Moreover, the Canadian fur traders and fort commanders, unlike the land-hungry English settlers, cultivated a friendship of the Algonquians by giving the Indians gifts and presents.  [7]   One of the most important Indian war heros was named Tecumseh, leader of the Shawnee tribe, and a large contributor to the success of the war against the Americans. He was later considered a folk legend, and many Canadians remember him as a hero for the defense he did to their country, even today. Apart from cultural and military contributions, the aboriginal people in Canada invented several of the now everyday items and activities, such as maple syrup, tug of war, lacrosse, the toboggan, snowshoes. Lacrosse is now a very popular sport in Canada, while maple syrup is considered one of Canadas national products. The aboriginal people showed the settlers how to make maple syrup, or itsinzibuckwud, as the Alqonquians called it, which meant drawn from wood. In the early days of colonization, it was the Natives who showed French settlers how to tap the trunk of a tree at the outset of spring, harvest the sap and boil it to evaporate some of the water. This custom quickly became an integral part of colony life and during the 17th and 18th centuries, syrup was a major source of high quality pure sugar. Later, however, they would learn to bore holes in the trees and hang their buckets on home-made spouts.  [8]   In modern day Canada, Quebec produces the largest amount of maple syrup in the world, followed by the United States. In conclusion, the native peoples contribution to the economy and cultural heritage of Canada is very important. Not only did the aboriginals made it possible for the European settlers to establish a country in the continent, but they also introduced them to the typical food and tools of the native people, which made the life of the settlers easier. With the help of fur trade, the early Canadian economy was flourishing, and the alliances between the European settlers and the Indians helped Canada obtaining its independence.

Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea Life is full of ups and downs. Every individual experiences mood changes, which are mere reaction to everyday experiences. The loss of a loved one might produce sadness while graduating from school might elicit happiness. Likewise a sunny day might make you smile while; a gray day in the winter might produce the â€Å"blues.† And yet, these reactions are normal, although by no means experienced by all whose lives are touched by the events. The blues are usually short-lived, hours to a few days in duration. They rarely disrupt ability to work and are rarely seen by outside observers as a marked shift in behavior ((2)). Yet the occasional blues is very different from the persistent â€Å"down,† that people with depression experience. It is estimated that in the United States about 19 million people or one in ten adults experience depression each year. Nearly two-thirds do not get help for the disease and or receive the treatment they need. They might be too embarrassed or ashamed to get help or they may not realize that they are depressed and need help. Others think that depression is just part of life and their feelings of sadness will pass in time. While most people experience depression at some time during their lives, depression that last more than a few weeks requires treatment (2). That is the odd thing about depression. Few of us think twice about going to the hospital to set a broken limb, because we know a health-care professional can help us. It is the same for depression. There is a long-running controversy about the cause of depression, which means no one, knows for sure: some say our personal history or experiences (psychology) cause depression, others say brain chemistry causes depression. Yet others say that depression is caused by genetic predisposition (4). Though all theories are valid and supported by various scientific findings, defining the cause of depression is complicated. Obviously, no two individuals become depressed in the same way. For example, one might become depressed from stress while another person might have a genetic predisposition to the disease. To add to the complication of depression, there are various types of the illness. Furthermore, various combinations and severity of symptoms can cause depression and many people su ffer only some traits associated with depression ((2)). Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea :: Biology Essays Research Papers Dealing with Clinical Depression: A Rough Idea Life is full of ups and downs. Every individual experiences mood changes, which are mere reaction to everyday experiences. The loss of a loved one might produce sadness while graduating from school might elicit happiness. Likewise a sunny day might make you smile while; a gray day in the winter might produce the â€Å"blues.† And yet, these reactions are normal, although by no means experienced by all whose lives are touched by the events. The blues are usually short-lived, hours to a few days in duration. They rarely disrupt ability to work and are rarely seen by outside observers as a marked shift in behavior ((2)). Yet the occasional blues is very different from the persistent â€Å"down,† that people with depression experience. It is estimated that in the United States about 19 million people or one in ten adults experience depression each year. Nearly two-thirds do not get help for the disease and or receive the treatment they need. They might be too embarrassed or ashamed to get help or they may not realize that they are depressed and need help. Others think that depression is just part of life and their feelings of sadness will pass in time. While most people experience depression at some time during their lives, depression that last more than a few weeks requires treatment (2). That is the odd thing about depression. Few of us think twice about going to the hospital to set a broken limb, because we know a health-care professional can help us. It is the same for depression. There is a long-running controversy about the cause of depression, which means no one, knows for sure: some say our personal history or experiences (psychology) cause depression, others say brain chemistry causes depression. Yet others say that depression is caused by genetic predisposition (4). Though all theories are valid and supported by various scientific findings, defining the cause of depression is complicated. Obviously, no two individuals become depressed in the same way. For example, one might become depressed from stress while another person might have a genetic predisposition to the disease. To add to the complication of depression, there are various types of the illness. Furthermore, various combinations and severity of symptoms can cause depression and many people su ffer only some traits associated with depression ((2)).