Ideal Gas Law Worked Chemistry Examples

The ideal gas law relates the pressure, volume, quantity, and temperature of an ideal gas. At ordinary temperatures, you can use the ideal gas law to approximate the behavior of real gases. Here are examples of how to use the ideal gas law. You may wish to refer to the general properties of gases to review concepts and formulae related to ideal gasses. Ideal Gas Law Problem #1 Problem A hydrogen gas thermometer is found to have a volume of 100.0 cm3 when placed in an ice-water bath at 0 °C. When the same thermometer is immersed in boiling liquid chlorine, the volume of hydrogen at the same pressure is found to be 87.2 cm3. What is the temperature of the boiling point of chlorine? Solution For hydrogen, PV nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. Initially: P1 P, V1 100 cm3, n1 n, T1 0 273 273 K PV1 nRT1 Finally: P2 P, V2 87.2 cm3, n2 n, T2 ? PV2 nRT2 Note that P, n, and R are the same. Therefore, the equations may be rewritten: P/nR T1/V1 T2/V2 and T2 V2T1/V1 Plugging in the values we know: T2 87.2 cm3 x 273 K / 100.0 cm3 T2 238 K Answer 238 K (which could also be written as -35 °C) Ideal Gas Law Problem #2 Problem 2.50 g of XeF4  gas is placed into an evacuated  3.00 liter  container at 80 °C. What is the pressure in the container? Solution PV nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is the  number  of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is temperature. P?V 3.00 litersn 2.50 g XeF4  x 1 mol/ 207.3 g XeF4   0.0121 molR 0.0821 l ·atm/(mol ·K)T 273 80 353 K Plugging in these values: P nRT/V P 00121 mol x 0.0821 l ·atm/(mol ·K) x 353 K / 3.00 liter P 0.117 atm Answer 0.117 atm

Argumentative Essay The Entitlement Issue - 1925 Words

Argumentative Essay What do you think? Is it or is it not incredible that society hires congressmen to work for us, yet, these employees of the people believe themselves entitled to exempt themselves from laws they pass for their constituents? Social Security is perfectly fine for us; but not for them. Congress; the only job in America that entitles the employee to a lifetime pension equal to their salary coupled with lifetime retirement healthcare benefits that you can’t find on an Obamacare exchange. When did being a servant of the people with a defined term of service become a lifetime entitlement? I thought the lifetime entitlement issue was settled on paper in 1776 with the Declaration of Independence. Can being a Congressman qualify as a full-time job? What exactly justifies their escape from accountability and why are term limits viewed with disdain by our political elite? What is unreasonable or unfair about the concept of term limits? Term limits have been a topic of keen discussion and lethargic movement within the legislative branch since the inception of federalism. Since the 1682 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties, the concept of formal term limits has existed in the United States. Constraints concerning term limitations for holders of public office are applied to practically none of our elected officials. Today, it is common knowledge that if you’re a senator who hasn’t amassed more than twenty years of office, served as a Committee Chair, or party whip; youShow MoreRelatedEssay Paper1075 Words   |  5 PagesCanadian Identity: A Rhetorical Analysis Essay In this essay, the articles ‘Listen to the north’ by John Ralston Saul and ‘Which ‘Native’ History? By Whom? For Whom?’ by J.R. Miller will be analyzed, specifically looking at each authors argument and his appeal to ethos, logos and pathos. In the first article, ‘Listen to the North’, author John Ralston Saul argues that current Canadian policy when it comes to our north, and the people that reside there, is out of date and based on southern idealsRead MoreArgumentative Essay932 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Argumentative Essay Braden Rawson Social Networking or the use of specific websites or applications to interact with other users is one of the many key and driving factors today in our world. We find ourselves lost for many minutes or possibly hours at a time on any particular app or website. Looking deeper into the issue of social networking and its impact on our life, I highly doubt we have accomplished anything at all. 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Impact of Brexit on UK and Asian Region

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Brexit on UK and Asian Region. Answer: Introduction Brexit is the withdrawal process of the UK from the European Union by April 2019 (Dhingr et al. 2016). The consequence of Brexit on UK and world economy is uncertain. Changes may come in political, economical and legal area of UK and bi lateral relationship with EU and other European and Asian countries. This paper studies possible impact on UK and Asian economy. Implications for Domestic UK Economy UK government abides by the rule of EU being a member country. Hence, there are restrictions in trade policies of Britain with the non European countries. Exit from EU may give UK more freedom of trade. However, trade relation with EU is uncertain. After announcement of Brexit, pound has been devalued. Figure 1: Devaluation of pound (Source: bbc.com 2017) As value of pound has been falling, exports from UK have been cheaper however, the import has become costlier. Increase in export is prospective for the economy as it helps to increase domestic income and standard of living of people. On the other hand, manufacturing sector industries are worse off due to increases in cost of imported raw materials. Therefore, price of manufacturing products are likely to rise, which may reduce consumer surpluses. Demand for domestic product in the international market my fall. Therefore, there would be possibility of increasing a current account deficit for UK economy. As mentioned by Bowler (2017), service sector is experiencing a fall in productivity due to Brexit. Implications for the Asian Region UK economy is has no significant trade relation with the Asian economy as a whole. There may be a possibility of decreasing demand for UK products in the global market. As total percentage of export to UK from Asian region is not significant, any change in demand would have no significant impact on the Asian economy. As stated by Financial Times, there is mixed effect on different countries of Asia. Simpson (2016) pointed out that china and Japan may be affected due to Brexit as the car manufacturer Nissan and Toyota both have manufacturing activities in UK. Therefore, any changes in business policy, trade and labour market policy would have impact on these companies and in turn on the countries. Moreover, around 140000 Japanese work in UK. Brexit may have negative impact on the foreign workers working in UK. UK has 0.7% share in Asian countrys GDP. Therefore, any decline in UK import only reduces less than 0.2% from Asian GDP (Ft.com 2017). However, devaluation of pound makes UK pro ducts cheaper. Therefore, import from UK to Asian region may increase. Recommendation and Conclusion It can be concluded from the analysis that Brexit would have mixed impact on the UK economy in terms of trade. On one hand, devaluation of pound facilitates UK export and on the other hand, import is likely to be costly to create current account deficit. Impact on the income of the domestic economy may be mixed. Brexit would have very little short term effect on the Asian economy as UK is not integrated significantly with the Asian market other than Japan and China. Analysing the implications of Brexit, it can be recommended to UK to take trade liberalisation policy in order to reduce risk and uncertainty of Brexit. UK government needs to be liberal to the foreign worker while reforming labour policies to reduce risk of job loss. References Bowler, T., 2017. How has the economy fared since the Brexit vote? Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36956418 [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T. and Reenen, J. 2016. The consequences of Brexit for UK trade and living standards. [online] cep.lse.ac.uk. Available at: https://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/brexit02.pdf [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Ft.com. 2017. How could Brexit affect Asia?. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/c0679ee0-4d7b-3918-94c2-1833bb3ef327 [Accessed 14 Apr. 2017]. Simpson, C., 2016. What Brexit Would Mean for Asia's Economies. Available at: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-06-20/what-brexit-would-mean-for-asia-s-economies

Therapeutic Relationship Essay Example

Therapeutic Relationship Paper Person centred counselling originated and was evolved on the ideas of American psychologist Carl Rogers. The influences on Carl Rogers and he’s conceptualisation of Person centred counselling are numerous, from his early family life living on a farm, his interest and involvement in theology and his formative professional career. One incident which appears to have had a particular impact on Carl Rogers was when working in his first job as a psychologist, at Rochester New York, for an organisation for the prevention of cruelty to children, whilst working with a parent (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1989). At this stage in his career Carl Rogers, being trained in or influenced by the tradition of psychoanalysis, was essentially working in a diagnostic and interpretative way, helping a child or parent gain insight or an intellectual understanding of their own behaviour and what was unconsciously driving or motivating it (Thorne B 2002) . He formalised that the problem with the child stemmed from the Mother’s rejection of the child in his early years. But despite a number of sessions was unable to help the Mother gain this insight. He concluded that it wasn’t working and finally gave up. The Mother was leaving when she asked Carl Rogers if he takes adults for counselling. He began working with the mother, where she subsequently expressed her despair of unhappiness and feelings of failure, which was more emotive and authentic in expression, than the previously intellectual and matter of fact account given previously of her history and current life. Carl Rogers said that ‘real therapy’ began at this moment and concluded in a successful outcome (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1990). We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Relationship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic Relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is Carl Roger’s view and what he learned from this experience: â€Å"This incident was one of a number which helped me to experience the fact- only fully realized later- that is the client who knows what hurts, what directions to go, what problems are crucial, what experiences have been deeply buried. It began to occur to me that unless I had a need to demonstrate my own cleverness and learning, I would do better to rely upon the client for the direction of movement in the process†. (Kirshenbaum H, et al. 1990 p13). This statement is arguably the beginnings of what, in many ways would later define and becomes a way of working within person centred therapy – that is a therapy that allows the client to be whom the client is, without any active direction from the therapist. Carl Rogers through clinical experience, research and development later defined his model of therapy. He based it upon the principles of a person as having at it’s a core an instinctive tendency towards growth, to fulfilling their potential as a person in what he termed ‘self actualisation’ (Mearns D, et al.1988). Carl Rogers believed that every living organism has a desire to increase, widen and broaden. Essentially, a fundamental urge to improve upon itself and that although, in the case of human beings, this urge may be buried or hidden by multiple psychological structures and conflicts, he strongly believed in the existence of this actualisation tendency in all of us and that given the correct conditions, it could be freed and realised in all of us (Rogers C 1961- becoming a person). Personally, I have recognised a need to develop and grow within myself for sometime and this has again been highlighted to me during this term. The more I become aware of my insecurities and pre judgements, the greater the desire to become bigger than them only becomes more apparent to me. Through my clinical experience working with adults with mental health problems, I have certainly recognised a desire in many, to become bigger or more than their issues, although, I am not certain if that was a desire to escape from their often intolerable suffering, or a fundamental need to self actualise†¦ at the very least, I would suggest self actualisation is an entirely relative supposition and will differ from person to person, dependent upon their own experiences, circumstances and perhaps even expectations. These correct conditions which are required within person centred therapy in order that the client can achieve self actualisation and personality change were outlined by Carl Rogers and he believed that if this 6 conditions were met, it would facilitate change within the client: Two persons are in psychological contact- both client and counsellor are present physically and psychologically. The client is in a state of incongruence, (which will be discussed in more detail) the communication of the counsellor’s empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard is met at a minimal level. The last condition mentioned involves 3 other conditions, which are essential attitudes and qualities necessary for the counsellor to posses for successful therapy; empathic understanding, unconditional positive regard and congruence. (Rogers C, 1957). Before looking at the latter 3 in more detail, it is important to understand Carl Rogers’s view of the person and perhaps what is ultimately bringing the client to therapy. Carl Rogers believed that there is incongruence between the self that is the actualisation part, that has a desire to grow, is open to experiencing in the moment and ultimately psychological well being and the actual experience of the self. He believed this effect was caused by ‘conditions of worth’, by external expectations, such as by parents and teachers, i. e. if you behave in a certain way that pleases me, that perhaps doesn’t evoke anxieties in me, you are a good boy- there are certain ‘conditions’ attached to being in this relationship- the child tries to internalise these conditions in order to maintain the relationship (Mearns D 1994- developing PC). Consequently, people deny or distort the experiences to their selves, which differ to how we are supposed or are conditioned to be. Therefore, Carl Rogers believed that we begin to believe in what we are not and refute who we really are (Mearns D 1994). The person has a fixed and inflexible view, or self concept (Rogers C 1980). It’s almost as if the person is driven in implementing or adopting certain behaviours in order to be accepted or loved and denying, or at the cost of their true self and feelings. This is the state of incongruence Rogers was referring as apart of the necessary conditions. Carl Rogers recognised, through his development of this approach, that distinctive and essential qualities are necessary within the therapist, for successful therapy and to facilitate character change. The emphasis being on the therapist’s attitude towards the client, as opposed to any technical skills or interventions, in comparison to many other modalities. As already mentioned, the key attitudes or qualities being empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard (Rogers C 1980). Empathy can be considered as having an ability to perceive and understand in the other person their feelings, experiences and their meaning to that person. To understand the internal world of that person, to be fully aware of the feelings they are experiencing, their anger or sadness for example, as if they are your own, but being aware that they are the clients, in order that your own feelings do not become the focus or blur the clients own experiencing (Rogers C, 1957). To absolutely see from the clients view, the feelings they may have from their position or personal experiencing, but recognising them as separate from your own. I recall a moment during this term, when in skills practise, being in the ‘client role’, when I received empathy. I was speaking about a personal situation, which I was aware on some level had meaning to me, but wasn’t fully aware of, or experiencing the feelings relating to this meaning. My perception later was that the person listened so intently, was so with me in trying to make sense of my situation, that they really did know and fully understand how it must feel for me. It was almost if I had no choice in allowing my feelings to be present, to come to my awareness and I was left with a sense of loss, feelings of loss, that I wasn’t aware of and made tremendous sense to my circumstances and why I had some anxiety and confusion in relation to this particular issue. This highlights for me how powerful empathy can be, as well as actively listening to and showing an interest sufficient in trying to understand the client, but also how it has the potential to provoke in the client in becoming aware of hidden feelings or realisations. Unconditional positive regard (UPR) is another important aspect and described as having total acceptance of the client, without conditions, whoever and whatever the client is, or how they may behave. An acceptance of not what they may or could be, but as they are now, regardless of what desired qualities the counsellor may wish for. It means total respect and valuing the person, without judgement. It also involves a sense of genuine care and wanting the best for them, including warmth for the person (Rogers C 1961). David Mearns talks about the often confusion in trainees, when understanding UPR, with a statement such as, ‘how is it possible to like all my clients’? He makes a distinction that liking is generally selective, as we perceive a similarity in values and complementary needs and UPR and liking are two very different concepts (Mearns D 1994). Unconditional positive regard is completely about valuing the person, without conditions, with all the facets of the person, their struggles, protective layers, confusion and perhaps inconsistencies. This unconditional stance is a contradiction to the conditions of worth spoken of earlier and is a vital component of person centred counselling (Kulewicz S, 1989). If a client is holding a believe that they will only be accepted, depending on the condition of others, essentially they do not see themselves as being wholly acceptable. The stance and communication of UPR can break this believe and the client is able to be in a relationship, with the counsellor accepting them without conditions (Rogers C 1961). If the counsellor is consistently valuing the client, the client perhaps has no reason for the protective layers and can be more open to their own inner experiences. Also, I wonder if the counsellor is almost giving permission and communicating a message to the client that it is ok to accept who they truly are. Another essential attitude for the counsellor, recognised by Rogers is congruence. This is the counsellor being who they are, no facade or ‘professional’ barrier. The counsellor is open and genuine in the relationship, allowing all feelings and thoughts to be in his awareness and available to him (Rogers C 1961). It’s being present with yourself and owning your feelings, not necessarily expressing what you are experiencing at the time to the client, but also not denying it. How congruence is conveyed is ultimately depended upon the counsellor themselves and when appropriate. It is about allowing a trust to be formed with the client, without pretences, where the counsellor is being human and willing to be seen (Thorne B 2002). If the counsellor is willing to acknowledge his feelings, strengths, perhaps their mistakes or weakness, it can not only allow for a more open and flowing relationship, but again I see this as perhaps giving permission to the client to embrace themselves, their strengths and weaknesses. How this differs from a helping relationship, are mainly the quality of contact and the nature of the differences in relationship. What if our client seeks help from a non person centred counsellor, perhaps a professionally respected person, a Doctor, teacher, perhaps even a work place manager, or colleague. They will listen, perhaps are sympathetic, are likely to offer advice and some direction the person may take in order to resolve their problem. But there is no ongoing process, no consistency of a relationship, with all the qualities discussed, empathy, UPR and congruence. The person centred therapist offers a safe and non judgemental relationship, with the client being valued for who they are, where they can grow in understanding of themselves, gain insight and become psychological stronger and independent. A helping relationship, although perhaps useful and supportive, will not facilitate change and allow a person to grow. In conclusion, person centred therapy is about an effective relationship, or aspires to be one, in which a person through experiencing a positive connection with another person, namely the therapist, receives deep empathy, understanding and genuine care. This enables a person to question or challenge their self concepts, to begin to experience buried or hidden feelings and gain a deeper understanding of themselves, with more acceptances and the autonomy to live without fear of their own feelings and perhaps their truer selves. It is without any difficulty from me to admire the sheer humanity of what Carl Rogers achieved with person centred therapy, the whole ethos of accepting and allowing the person to grow through such a positive and caring relationship. It appears to me that this is an incredibly challenging model of therapy, for both client and therapist. For the client the person centred therapist may appear safe and accepting, even inoffensive or unchallenging to his protective mechanisms or fixed self concepts, but that is perhaps the greatest challenge to the client, who may want answers or ways of dealing with their issues, perhaps unbearable anxiety and will perhaps look to the therapist for solutions and will find the person centred therapist completely and deeply sharing their distress, but essentially leaving it with client to be able to tolerate and accept for themselves, with of course as discussed, with the intention for the client to grow, understand the meaning behind their distress and ultimately in becoming psychologically independent. I would imagine, at least initially or in the short term, it must be difficult for the client, who is still searching and looking outside of himself, for the apparent safety and false ‘conditions’ that will make it all well again. For the therapist, the challenge is potentially numerous, but what I recognise is the trust he must have in the process of person centred therapy, in maintaining all the attitudes as discussed and consistently so. I can see that taking great strength and discipline, when he could perhaps temptingly turn to direction and advice giving. I am also left wondering if the strengths within PC therapy are also its weaknesses. The quality of therapy can only be as effective as the quality of therapist, or the limitations of the therapist. This could be said of other therapies, but for example, the CBT therapist has a direction and structure to fall back on. The challenge to the PC therapist is to be constantly growing and developing, as there is such a dependence upon who they are in the relationship. References: Kirshenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. L. (1989) The Carl Rogers reader Bury St. Edmunds: St Edmundsbury Press Limited. Kulewicz, S. F. (1989) The twelve core functions of a Counselor (5th Edn). Marlborough, CT: Counselor Publications. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1988) Person-centred counselling in Action (3rd Edn). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Mearns, D. (1994) Developing Person Centred counselling (2nd Edn). London: Sage Publications Ltd. Rogers, C. R. (1957) The Necessary and Sufficient Conditions of Therapeutic Personality Change Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology Vol. 60, No. 6, 827-832. Rogers, C. R. (1961) On Becoming a Person London: Constable Robinson Ltd. Rogers, C. R. (1980) A way of Being Boston: Houghton and Mifflin Company. Rogers, C. R. (1980) Client Centred psychotherapy In: Kaplan, H. I. et al, ceds, Comprehensive text book of Psychiatry (3rd Edn). Baltimore: Williams Wilkins Co. Thorne, B. Dryden, W. (2002) Person Centred Counselling in W. Dryden Handbook of Individual Therapy (4th Edn). London: Sage. pp. 131-157. Therapeutic relationship Essay Example Therapeutic relationship Essay Lago (2003: p54) states that Being misunderstood begets anger, frustration even hatred. By contrast, to be understood evokes trust, gratitude, exploration, love and aspiration. The use of language is absolutely central to the communication process and however much good intent there is, on both sides of a conversation, if misunderstandings persist then the potential for therapy is substantially diminished if not stopped altogether. Therefore as well as a means of communication language can form a boundary between two people, this is especially true in the therapeutic relationship. This does not only occur when the client and counsellor speak different first languages but also when they use the same language. Accents and usage of language vary throughout the U. K. ; this can lead to misunderstandings between the counsellor and the client. In certain parts of the country and with certain ages, swearing is readily accepted and used everyday. However, in other places and with other ages swearing is frowned upon. Language can also be a powerful weapon of oppression. If a client feels insecure, and the counsellor uses long and strange language, the client could feel intimidated and withdraw from the relationship. Therefore, language can be both freeing and constraining. Enabling because it allows us to express our feelings and opinions and communicate with others. Constraining because we cannot communicate with those who do not speak our language, it only allows the use of certain words for certain feelings. For example, the Eskimos have many different words for snow and sleet whereas in the U.  K. we have just those two. We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic relationship specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Therapeutic relationship specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Therefore, if a counsellor has a client with a different first language it could be that the English equivalent does not really mean the same thing in their language. DIFFERING BELIEF SYSTEMS Belief systems are made up from many different parts of a persons psyche and can range from belief in religion to the belief in self. A persons outlook of religion will alter the way that they view the world. For example, I do not believe in any god and so when things happen I say that is life. However, in certain religions whichever god is being worshipped can be blamed or praised for the occurrence. In the counselling setting, the clients belief systems will affect the relationship. The client may believe for example that it is wrong to talk about certain issues and so if the issues are not talked about openly the relationship will falter, as congruence and honesty are a main component in the person centred approach. The counselling relationship is there in many cases to change the clients beliefs about their own self-image. For example, a client may believe that they are useless or worthless; this negative self-image will, hopefully, be changed throughout the counselling process so that the client lives a more fulfilled life. McLeod ( 2003: p484) states that there has been lively interest in the idea that all effective counsellors possess similar belief systems or ways of making sense of the world. The assumption is that counsellors are able to help people because they see the clients problems in a particular way. It could be then that as counsellors not only do we have our own beliefs but also we have certain commonalities that make us good at what we do. It is important to remember that there are two people in the therapeutic relationship and that they are both as important as each other. FAMILY PATTERNS All families no matter the size have patterns and positions. The family is affected not just by the size but the ages of its members and their genders. Adler looked more deeply into family patterns and found that those with different positions took on different roles and characteristics. Adler believed that a persons birth position and gender would influence their development and personality. For example, only children may be quite self-centred and unable to consider the needs of others unless reminded; middle children tend to feel squeezed out or sometimes held in, as they have neither the privileges of the eldest nor rights of a youngest. In addition, there is the difference in how we encourage our children according to their gender. For example, boys are encouraged to get dirty and go exploring and play a bit rough and big boys dont cry, whereas girls are encouraged to play with dolls and play nicely and to be clean and tidy. If a counsellor understands these issues, it may be easier for him to help the client. The relationship could be affected if the counsellor reminds the client of a member of their family that they did not get along with etc. this is also true of the counsellor. By understanding these issues, the counsellor could have more insight into the client and how the clients self-concept was formed. FAMILY LIFE EXPERIENCES The life experiences of the whole family will affect how a person develops and their outlook on life. For example if a client moved house as a child and found the experience unsettling and uncomfortable the client could later on develop problems dealing with loss and change. If the move was pleasant and the client settled into their new house, it is more likely that they will cope with change in a better way. All families have shared life experiences but each member of the family will remember different aspects of the event and be affected by it in different ways. For example a family my go on a holiday. The parents want to visit all the local sights and there is a lot of driving involved. The parents enjoy the driving because they like the countryside however, the kids cannot stand it because they are trapped in a car and prefer cities to the countryside. So even though all the family went to the same places and had the same experiences they all perceived the holiday in different ways. These events influence in later life and will affect all the relationships we have. Obviously, the relationship is one of the most important aspects in the P. C. approach to counselling.

How to Avoid Common Prepositional Pitfalls in German

How to Avoid Common Prepositional Pitfalls in German Prepositions (Prpositionen) are a hazardous area in the learning of any second language, and German is no exception. These short, seemingly innocent words - an, auf, bei, bis, in, mit, à ¼ber, um, zu, and others - can often be gefhrlich (dangerous). One of the most common mistakes made by the foreign speaker of a language is the incorrect use of prepositions. Prepositional Pitfalls Fall Into Three Main Categories Grammatical: Is the preposition one governed by the accusative, dative, or genitive case? Or is it a so-called doubtful or two-way preposition? The German noun cases play an important role.Idiomatic: How does a native-speaker say it? To illustrate this, I often use the English example of stand IN line or stand ON line- which do you say? (Both are correct, but your answer may reveal which part of the English-speaking world youre from. If youre British, youd simply queue.) And the way a German might say in or on depends on a number of factors, even including whether a surface is vertical (on the wall) or horizontal (on the table)! Using the wrong preposition can also lead to an unintentional change in meaning... and sometimes to embarrassment.English Interference: Because some German prepositions are similar or identical to English, or sound like an English preposition (bei, in, an, zu), you may choose the wrong one. And several German prepositions can equal more than one English prepo sition: an can mean at, in, on, or to- depending on how its used in a German sentence. So you cant just assume that an will always mean on. The word since can be translated into German with either the preposition seit (for time) or the conjunction da (for cause). Below are brief discussions  of each category. Grammar Sorry, but theres really only one way to solve this problem: memorize the prepositions! But do it right! The traditional way, learning to rattle off the case groups (e.g., bis, durch, fà ¼r, gegen, ohne, um, wider take the accusative), works for some people, but I prefer the phrase approach- learning prepositions as part of a prepositional phrase. (This is similar to learning nouns with their genders, as I  also recommend.) For example, memorizing the phrases mit mir and ohne mich sets the combination in your mind AND reminds  you that mit takes a dative object (mir), while ohne takes the accusative (mich). Learning the difference between the phrases am See (at the lake) and an den See (to the lake) will tell you that an with the dative is about location (stationary), whereas an with the accusative is about direction (movement). This method is also closer to what a native-speaker does naturally, and it can help move the learner towards an increased level of Sprachgefà ¼hl or a feeling for the language. Idioms Speaking of Sprachgefà ¼hl, here is where you really need it! In most cases, youll just have to learn the right way to say it. For example, where English uses the preposition to, German has at least six possibilities: an, auf, bis, in, nach, or zu! But there are some helpful categorical guidelines. For example, if youre going to a country or geographic destination, you almost always use nach- as in nach Berlin or nach Deutschland. But there are always exceptions to the rule: in die Schweiz, to Switzerland. The rule for the exception is that feminine (die) and plural countries (die USA) use in instead of nach. But there are many cases where rules arent much help. Then you simply have to learn the phrase as a vocabulary item. A good example is a phrase such as to wait for. An English-speaker has a tendency to say warten fà ¼r when the correct German is warten auf- as in Ich warte auf ihn  (Im waiting for him) or Er wartet auf den Bus. (Hes waiting for the bus). Also, see Interference below. Here are a few standard prepositional idiomatic expressions: to die of/sterben an (dat.)to believe in/glauben an (dat.)to depend on/ankommen auf (acc.)to fight for/kmpfen umto smell of/riechen nach Sometimes German uses a preposition where English doesnt: He was elected mayor. Er wurde zum Bà ¼rgermeister gewhlt. German often makes distinctions that English does not. We go to the movies or to the cinema in English. But zum Kino means to the movie theater (but not necessarily inside) and ins Kino means to the movies (to see a show). Interference First-language interference is always a problem in learning a second language, but nowhere is this more critical than with prepositions. As we have already seen above, just because English uses a given preposition doesnt mean German will use the equivalent in the same situation. In English we are afraid OF something; a German has fear BEFORE (vor) something. In English we take something FOR a cold; in German, you take something AGAINST (gegen) a cold.   Another example of interference can be seen in the preposition by. Though German bei sounds almost identical to English by, it is rarely used in that meaning. By car or by train is mit dem Auto or mit der Bahn (beim Auto means next to or at the car). The author of a literary work is designated in a von-phrase: von Schiller (by Schiller). The closest bei usually comes to by is in an expression such as bei Mà ¼nchen (near/by Munich) or bei Nacht (at/by night), but bei mir means at my house or at my place. (For more about by in German, see By-Expressions in German.) Obviously, there are many more prepositional pitfalls than we have space for here. See our German Grammar page and The Four German Cases for more information in several categories. If you feel youre ready, you can test yourself on this Preposition Quiz.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Marketing - Essay Example This paper will look at the Federal Reserve Bank’s organizational structure and its roles in governing monetary policy. The structure of the Federal Reserve Bank consists of Member banks, Reserve Banks, the Federal Open Market Committee, Board of Governors, and the congress and the President. Member Banks Member Banks refer to private banks, for example, Bank of America, which has the stock in any of the twelve local Reserve Banks. Every countrywide chattered bank must own stock in the Federal Reserve. In addition, state chartered banks or financial institutions may decide to own stock or not if they satisfy a number of conditions. The stock held by these banks cannot be traded or sold like ordinary stock and constituent banks get fixed amount of dividend every year on this stock (Arthur 417). Moreover, constituent banks have the dispensation of selecting a number of the officials in the board of their regional Reserve Banks. Reserve Banks   The operating arm of the Federal Reserve Bank is made up of twelve regional Reserve Banks. These regional Reserve Banks have the responsibility of regulating and supervising constituent banks. In addition, the regional Reserve Banks are charged with the responsibility of handing out coins and currency to affiliate banks (Arthur 418). Every Reserve Bank is made up of nine board of directors. ... The five individuals are New York’s Reserve Bank chairman and heads of any four Reserve Banks (Arthur 418). Officials from Reserve Banks operate on a rotary process, and only the official from the Reserve Bank of New York serves on a permanent basis. Board of Governors   The Board of Governors constitutes seven officials who are picked by the American President and approved by the American Senate. The Board of Governors also comprises a chairperson and a vice chairperson. Every official in the Board of Governors holds his position for up to fourteen years. Also, these officials cannot be reappointed after the expiry of their terms. The fourteen year term serves as a precaution for the Federal Reserve Bank to conduct its functions without any political interference (Arthur 419). The president picks two officials from the board, one of the officials become the Chairperson and the other becomes the vice chairperson. The two ranks last for four year duration. US Congress and the President   The president makes appointments and the Senate approve the Board of Governors members. Nevertheless, the Federal Reserve Bank functions on its finances. This safeguards it from the influence of the administration during the making of the budget every year. Congress can hold the Federal Reserve Bank accountable for its activities. In addition, Congress can control both the Federal Reserve Bank’s responsibilities and activities by law (Arthur 420). This means Congress can change the activities of the Federal Reserve Banks by enforcing new laws. The Federal Reserve Bank also has roles associated with governing monetary policy. The Board of Governors has the responsibility of establishing

Build and Sustain an Innovative Work Environment Assignment - 3

Build and Sustain an Innovative Work Environment - Assignment Example According to the requirements of the user of the system in the microfinance business, especially in the accounting department where the data of the staffs or workers need to be maintained therefore brought ideas in their mind to develop the system that will keep the data in the database system of the workers (Kroenke & Aeur, 2014). The innovation goals toward coming up with the database management system came due to the how the work was tiresome in getting the details for the workers or staffs therefore resulted to the system designer and analyst contribute their creativity in coming up with the system that will manage staffs database efficiently and that will save time when accessing their data. The stakeholders of the microfinance business involved the database managers, network managers, accountants, and others staff holders. After making that innovation goal proposal, it’s shared among the business stakeholders for them to raise their views over the proposed innovation sys tem suggested During the management of the innovation process, it involved various phases of system development, i.e. gathering the specific user requirements, performing through analysis and designing the logical design and physical design depending on the user requirements indicated from the structured requirements document (Jefferson, 1999). The database designer, system analyst and system designer cooperates in ensuring the innovation process goes well and as expected and making sure that it is being developed according to the needs of the user. Therefore, according to the accounting department in the microfinance business, there has been need for ensuring database for the staffs is stored electronically rather than manually, this organizations goal motivated them to become creative in coming up with the need to develop a database management system (Wang & Global, 2012). During the implementation plan, it involves designing the solution scenarios